HOW WEATHERING AND EROSION AFFECT THE OCEANS SALINITY

HOW WEATHERING AND EROSION AFFECT THE OCEANS SALINITY ESS 8. 8. 10

OCEAN SALINITY • OCEAN WATER CONTAINS MANY DIFFERENT DISSOLVED SALTS. • THESE SALTS COME FROM RIVERS AND GROUNDWATER • SLOWLY DISSOLVING ELEMENTS SUCH AS CALCIUM, MAGNESIUM, AND SODIUM FROM ROCKS AND MINERALS. • RIVERS TRANSPORT THESE ELEMENTS TO THE OCEAN. ERUPTING VOLCANOS ADD ELEMENTS, SUCH AS SULFUR AND CHLORINE TO THE ATMOSPHERE AND OCEANS.

SALTS IN SEAWATER CHLORIDE 55% SODIUM 30. 6% SULFATE 7. 7% MAGNESIUM 3. 7% CALCIUM 1. 2% POTASSIUM 1. 1% OTHERS 0. 7%

OCEAN SALINITY • RIVERS THAT FLOW TO THE OCEAN DISSOLVE SODIUM ALONG THE WAY. • VOLCANOES ADD CHLORINE GAS. • MOST OF THE SALT IN SEAWATER IS MADE OF SODIUM AND CHLORINE. • ALTHOUGH RIVERS, VOLCANOES, AND THE ATMOSPHERE CONSTANTLY ADD SUBSTANCES TO THE OCEAN, THE OCEANS ARE CONSIDERED TO BE IN A STEADY STATE.

OCEAN SALINITY • AS NEW SUBSTANCES COME IN, ELEMENTS ARE REMOVED • FROM SEAWATER BY BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES AND BY BECOMING SEDIMENT. • SEA ANIMALS AND ALGAE USED DISSOLVED SUBSTANCES. • MARINE ANIMALS USE CALCIUM TO FORM BONES. OTHER ANIMALS, SUCH AS OYSTERS AND CLAMS, USE CACIUM TO FORM SHELLS.

OCEAN SALINITY • SOME ALGAE, CALLED DIATOMS, HAVE SILICA SHELLS. • BECAUSE MANY ORGANISMS USE CALCIUM AND SILICA, THESE IONS ARE REMOVED MORE QUICKLY FROM SEAWATER THAN ARE SUBSTANCES SUCH AS CHLORIDE OR SODIUM. • IRON IS REMOVED MORE QUICKLY BECAUSE IRON FORMS SOLIDS THAT FALL TO THE OCEAN FLOOR. • VOLCANOES, GROUNDWATER AND RIVERS ADD SALTS TO SEAWATER.

REVIEW FOR ESS 8. 8. 9 & 8. 8. 10 • 1. THE AMOUNT OF RAIN, THE TIME SPAN OVER WHICH IT FALLS, THE SLOPE OF THE LAND, AMOUNT OF VEGETATION, AND WHAT TYPE OF SOIL IT RUNS ACROSS, ARE ALL FACTORS AFFECTING _____. • A. CREEP B. RUNOFF C. SALINITY D. GRAVITY • • 2. GULLY EROSION CAN TURN INTO A ______. A. RILL B. RUNOFF C. MEANDER D. STREAM 3. EARTH’S _____ FORCE PULLS OBJECTS TOWARD IT’S CENTER OF MASS. • A. SALINITY B. EROSION C. GULLY D. GRAVITATIONAL 4. THE LAND AREA FROM WHICH A STREAM GETS IT’S WATER IS CALLED A _____. • A. MEANDER B. OXBOW LAKE C. DRAINAGE BASIN D. SALT MARSH

REVIEW • • • 5. A CURVE THAT FORMS IN A STREAM IS CALLED A ______. A. MEANDER B. BASIN C. SINKHOLE D. BOXBOW 6. THIS STREAM HAS WHITEWATER RAPIDS AND WATERFALLS. • A. OLD AGE B. MATURE C. YOUNG D. DEAD • 7. THE LARGEST DRAINAGE BASIN IN THE U. S. IS THE_____. • A. OZARK B. MISSOURI C. COLORADO D. MISSISSIPPI • • 8. AS OBJECTS DROP TO EARTH’S SURFACE, YHEY PICK UP _______. • A. POLLUTION B. SPEED C. WEIGHT D. MASS 9. SCARS LEFT ON SLOPES WHERE WATER ERODED THE PLANTS AND SOIL. • A. GULLIES B. STREAMS C. BASIN D. RILLS

REVIEW • 10. LARGER STREAMS CAN MERGE, FORMING A LARGER BODY OF WATER CALLED A _____. • A. GULLY B. RIVER C. RILL D. BASIN • • • 11. RILL EROSION CAN TURN INTO ____ EROSION. A. BASIN B. GULLY C. GLACIAL D. RUNOFF 12. IN THIS STAGE OF STREAM DEVELOPMENT, THE STREAM IS STARTING TO FORM CURVES. • A. OLD AGE B. YOUNG C. MATURE D. DEAD • 13. A STREAM THAT FLOWS THROUGH A STEEP VALLEY WHICH HAS STEEP SIDES. • A. OLD AGE B. YOUNG C. MATURE D. DEAD • • 14. ALL THE WATER IN A ______ EVENTUALLY FLOWS TO A DRAINAGE BASIN. A. OCEAN SYSTEM B. OLD AGE SYSTEM C. RIVER SYSTEM D. MEANDER SYSTEM

REVIEW • 15. A YOUNG STREAM HAS MORE ENERGY OF MOTION , SO IT CAN _____ MORE. • A. ERODE B. SLOW DOWN C. EVAPORATE D. MEANDER • 16. THE LAST STAGE OF STREAM DEVELOPMENT. • A. MATURE B. OLD AGE C. YOUNG D. DEAD • 17. WATER FLOWING DOWN A SLOPE IS EVIDENCE OF ______. • A. GROUNDWATER B. CREEP C. MEANDERS D. GRAVITY • 18. THE STAGE OF STREAM DEVELOPMENT WITH LOTS OF MEANDERS AND OXBOW LAKES. • A. MATURE B. OLD AGE C. YOUNG D. DEAD • 19. OCEAN WATER CONTAINS MANY DIFFERENT SALTS THAT COMES FROM ______. • A. THE OCEAN B. SHRIMP C. RIVERS D. GLACIERS

REVIEW • • 20. SOME ALGAE, CALLED ____, HAVE SILICA SHELLS. A. SHRIMP B. STARFISH C. DIATOMS D. ANEMONES • 21. ERUPTING VOLCANOES ADD ELEMENTS SUCH AS ______ TO THE OCEANS. • A. SULFUR AND CHLORINE B. DIOXIDE AND OZONE • C. MONOXIDE AND CARBON D. DIOXIDE AND RUBIDIUM • 22. THE 2 MOST ABUNDANT SALTS IN SEAWATER ARE CHLORIDE AND _____. • A. DIOXIDE B. RUBIDIUM C. CALCIUM D. SODIUM • 23. THE CORRECT ORDER OF A DRAINAGE BASIN IS: A. GULLY, RILLS, RIVER, STREAM B. RIVER, GULLY, STREAM, RILLS C. RILLS, GULLY, STREAM, RIVER D. RIVER, RILL, STREAM, GULLY • • • 24. A MEANDER THAT HAS BEEN CUT OFF BY DEPOSITION. A. CROSSBOW LAKE B. OXBOW LAKE C. OXBOW RIVER D. CROSSOVER LAKE 25. THE BROAD, FLAT VALLEY FLOOR CARVED BY A MEANDERING STREAM IS CALLED A _____ • A. CROSSBOW LAKE B. CANYON C. RAPIDS D. FLOODPLAIN

REVIEW • 26. WHAT STAGE OF DEVELOPMENT IS THIS STREAM IN? • A. OLD AGE • B. MATURE • C. YOUNG • D. DEAD

REVIEW • 27. WHAT STAGE IS THIS STREAM? • A. YOUNG • B. DEAD • C. OLD AGE • D. MATURE

REVIEW • 28. WHAT STAGE IS THIS STREAM? • A. OLD AGE • B. YOUNG • C. DEAD • D. MATURE

REVIEW • 29. WHAT DOES THIS DIAGRAM REPRESENT? • A. OZARK PLATEAU • B. NEW MADRID FAULT • C. HIGHWAY 40 NORTH • D. CROWLEY’S RIDGE

REVIEW • 30. WHAT DOES THE LIGHT COLORED AREA BELOW THE WHITE LINE REPRESENT? • A. SOUTHERN PLATEAU • B. COASTAL PLAINS • C. INTERIOR PLAINS • D. ROCKY MOUNTAINS

REVIEW • 31. WHAT DOES THIS AREA REPRESENT? • A. INTERIOR PLAINS • B. CENTRAL PLATEAU • C. OZARK PLATEAU • D. COASTAL PLAINS

REVIEW • 32. THIS PICTURE REPRESENTS A ______. • A. PLATEAU • B. MOUNTAIN • C. HIGHWAY MAP • D. DELTA

REVIEW • 33. THIS PICTURE REPRESENTS ____. • A. STREAM EROSION • B. RILL EROSION • C. RIVER EROSION • D. GULLY EROSION

REVIEW • 34. THIS PICTURE REPRESENTS____. • A. GULLY EROSION • B. RILL EROSION • C. STREAM EROSION • D. RIVER EROSION

REVIEW • 35. THIS PICTURE REPRESENTS A ______. • A. PLATEAU • B. PLAINS • C. SWAMP • D. SHORELINE

REVIEW • 36. WHAT IS THE CONTOUR INTERVAL ON THIS MAP? • A. 400 M • B. 100 M • C. 200 M • D. 600 M

REVIEW • • • 37. HOW TALL IS BAKER HILL? A. 10 M B. 30 M C. 50 M D. 20 M 38. WHAT IS THE CONTOUR INTERVAL ON THIS MAP? • A. 5 M B. 10 M C. 20 M D. 50 M • 39. APPROXIMATELY HOW TALL IS ABLE HILL? • A. 10 M B. 20 M C. 30 M D. 40 M • 40. WHAT IS THE NAME OF THIS TYPE OF MAP? • A. HYROGLYPHIC B. TOPOGRAPHIC • C. ROBINSON D. CONIC

TEST FOR ESS 8. 8. 9 & 8. 8. 10 • 1. THE AMOUNT OF RAIN, THE TIME SPAN OVER WHICH IT FALLS, THE SLOPE OF THE LAND, AMOUNT OF VEGETATION, AND WHAT TYPE OF SOIL IT RUNS ACROSS, ARE ALL FACTORS AFFECTING _____. • A. CREEP B. GRAVITY C. SALINITY D. RUNOFF • • • 2. GULLY EROSION CAN TURN INTO A ______. A. RILL B. RUNOFF C. MEANDER D. STREAM 3. EARTH’S _____ FORCE PULLS OBJECTS TOWARD IT’S CENTER OF MASS. • A. GRAVITATIONAL B. EROSION C. GULLY D. SALINITY 4. THE LAND AREA FROM WHICH A STREAM GETS IT’S WATER IS CALLED A _____. A. MEANDER B. DRAINAGE BASIN C. OXBOW LAKE D. SALT MARSH

TEST 4 • • • 5. A CURVE THAT FORMS IN A STREAM IS CALLED A ______. A. BOXBOW B. BASIN C. SINKHOLE D. MEANDER 6. THIS STREAM HAS WHITEWATER RAPIDS AND WATERFALLS. • A. OLD AGE B. MATURE C. DEAD D. YOUNG • 7. THE LARGEST DRAINAGE BASIN IN THE U. S. IS THE_____. • A. OZARK B. MISSISSIPPI C. COLORADO D. MISSOURI • • 8. AS OBJECTS DROP TO EARTH’S SURFACE, THEY PICK UP _______. • A. SPEED B. POLLUTION C. WEIGHT D. MASS 9. SCARS LEFT ON SLOPES WHERE WATER ERODED THE PLANTS AND SOIL. • A. RILLS B. STREAMS C. BASIN D. GULLIES

TEST 4 • 10. LARGER STREAMS CAN MERGE, FORMING A LARGER BODY OF WATER CALLED A _____. • A. GULLY B. RILL C. RIVER D. BASIN • • • 11. RILL EROSION CAN TURN INTO ____ EROSION. A. GULLY B. BASIN C. GLACIAL D. RUNOFF 12. IN THIS STAGE OF STREAM DEVELOPMENT, THE STREAM IS STARTING TO FORM CURVES. • A. MATURE B. YOUNG C. OLD AGE D. DEAD • 13. A STREAM THAT FLOWS THROUGH A STEEP VALLEY WHICH HAS STEEP SIDES. • A. OLD AGE B. MATURE C. YOUNG D. DEAD • • 14. ALL THE WATER IN A ______ EVENTUALLY FLOWS TO A DRAINAGE BASIN. A. OCEAN SYSTEM B. OLD AGE SYSTEM C. RIVER SYSTEM D. MEANDER SYSTEM

TEST 4 • 15. A YOUNG STREAM HAS MORE ENERGY OF MOTION , SO IT CAN _____ MORE. • A. EVAPORATE B. SLOW DOWN C. ERODE D. MEANDER • 16. THE LAST STAGE OF STREAM DEVELOPMENT. • A. MATURE B. DEAD C. YOUNG D. OLD AGE • 17. WATER FLOWING DOWN A SLOPE IS EVIDENCE OF ______. • A. GROUNDWATER B. GRAVITY C. MEANDERS D. CREEP • 18. THE STAGE OF STREAM DEVELOPMENT WITH LOTS OF MEANDERS AND OXBOW LAKES. • A. OLD AGE B. MATURE C. YOUNG D. DEAD • 19. OCEAN WATER CONTAINS MANY DIFFERENT SALTS THAT COME FROM ______. • A. RIVERS B. SHRIMP C. THE OCEAN D. GLACIERS

TEST 4 • • 20. SOME ALGAE, CALLED ____, HAVE SILICA SHELLS. A. SHRIMP B. STARFISH C. ANEMONES D. DIATOMS • 21. ERUPTING VOLCANOES ADD ELEMENTS SUCH AS ______ TO THE OCEANS. • A. MONOXIDE AND CARBON B. DIOXIDE AND OZONE • C. SULFUR AND CHLORINE D. DIOXIDE AND RUBIDIUM • 22. THE 2 MOST ABUNDANT SALTS IN SEAWATER ARE CHLORIDE AND _____. • A. DIOXIDE B. SODIUM C. CALCIUM D. RUBIDIUM • 23. THE CORRECT ORDER OF A DRAINAGE BASIN IS: A. GULLY, RILLS, RIVER, STREAM B. RIVER, GULLY, STREAM, RILLS C. RIVER, RILL, STREAM, GULLY D. RILLS, GULLY, STREAM, RIVER • • • 24. A MEANDER THAT HAS BEEN CUT OFF BY DEPOSITION. A. OXBOW LAKE B. CROSSBOW LAKE C. OXBOW RIVER D. CROSSOVER LAKE 25. THE BROAD, FLAT VALLEY FLOOR CARVED BY A MEANDERING STREAM IS CALLED A _____ • A. CROSSBOW LAKE B. CANYON C. FLOODPLAIN D. RAPIDS

TEST 4 • 26. WHAT STAGE OF DEVELOPMENT IS THIS STREAM IN? • A. OLD AGE • B. DEAD • C. YOUNG • D. MATURE

TEST 4 • 27. WHAT STAGE IS THIS STREAM? • A. OLD AGE • B. DEAD • C. YOUNG • D. MATURE

TEST 4 • 28. WHAT STAGE IS THIS STREAM? • A. YOUNG • B. OLD AGE • C. DEAD • D. MATURE

TEST 4 • 29. WHAT DOES THIS DIAGRAM REPRESENT? • A. OZARK PLATEAU • B. NEW MADRID FAULT • C. CROWLEY’S RIDGE • D. HIGHWAY 40 NORTH

TEST 4 • 30. WHAT DOES THE LIGHT COLORED AREA BELOW THE WHITE LINE REPRESENT? • A. SOUTHERN PLATEAU • B. COASTAL PLAINS • C. INTERIOR PLAINS • D. ROCKY MOUNTAINS

TEST 4 • 31. WHAT DOES THIS AREA REPRESENT? • A. CENTRAL PLATEAU • B. INTERIOR PLAINS • C. OZARK PLATEAU • D. COASTAL PLAINS

TEST 4 • 32. THIS PICTURE REPRESENTS A ______. • A. PLATEAU • B. MOUNTAIN • C. HIGHWAY MAP • D. DELTA

TEST 4 • 33. THIS PICTURE REPRESENTS ____. • A. GULLY EROSION • B. RILL EROSION • C. RIVER EROSION • D. STREAM EROSION

TEST 4 • 34. THIS PICTURE REPRESENTS____. • A. GULLY EROSION • B. STREAM EROSION • C. RILL EROSION • D. RIVER EROSION

TEST 4 • 35. THIS PICTURE REPRESENTS A ______. • A. PLATEAU • B. PLAINS • C. SHORELINE • D. SWAMP

TEST 4 • 36. WHAT IS THE CONTOUR INTERVAL ON THIS MAP? • A. 400 M • B. 200 M • C. 100 M • D. 600 M

TEST 4 • • • 37. HOW TALL IS BAKER HILL? A. 10 M B. 30 M C. 20 M D. 50 M 38. WHAT IS THE CONTOUR INTERVAL ON THIS MAP? • A. 5 M B. 10 M C. 20 M D. 50 M • 39. APPROXIMATELY HOW TALL IS ABLE HILL? • A. 10 M B. 20 M C. 40 M D. 30 M • 40. WHAT IS THE NAME OF THIS TYPE OF MAP? • A. HYROGLYPHIC B. TOPOGRAPHIC • C. ROBINSON D. CONIC