HOW TO WRITE ABSTRACT AND INTRODUCTION PARTS IN

HOW TO WRITE ABSTRACT AND INTRODUCTION PARTS IN A SCIENTIFIC PAPER Pertemuan Ke-9 Bahasa Inggris Karya Ilmiah IKIP Siliwangi

PART 1: HOW TO WRITE ABSTRACT PART IN A SCIENTIFIC PAPER

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. What is abstract in a scientific paper? What is the function of abstract? What are the components of abstract? What kind of tense is used in writing an abstract? How long should an abstract be? Examples of abstract from scientific papers

WHAT IS ABSTRACT? • • An abstract is a brief summary of a research article, thesis, review, conference proceeding, or any indepth analysis of a particular subject. An abstract is often used to help readers quickly understand the purpose of the paper. An abstract always appears at the beginning of a scientific paper. An abstract usually acts as the point-ofentry for any scientific paper.

What is the function of abstract? Along with the title, an abstract is one of the most important components of a research paper. After reading the title, readers commonly scan the abstract to determine what the authors found. And based on this information, they often decide if they will read the rest of the paper or not. An abstract is usually used by readers to quickly review the overall content of the paper.

What are the components of abstract? An abstract should provide a complete synopsis of the research paper, which covers: the topic of the research, the specific research question(s), the chosen methodology, a general statement about the results of research. Because an abstract is really a summary of a research paper, it is often written last. Clark (2007) elaborates specific information which are usually written in the abstract part: • Introduction: Background information on the problem investigated • Methods: Research design and techniques used in the research • Results: Major results presented in the paper, either quantitative, qualitative or both. • Discussion: Authors’ interpretation of the research results • Final summary: Major conclusions and implication. This is the most important part of the abstract, as readers will often read this part of the abstract first, to see if the implications of the study are important enough to warrant the reading of the full paper.

What kind of tense is used in writing an abstract? The abstract should be written in the past tense form for the authors’ work and present tense form for general knowledge and other researchers’ work.

How long should an abstract be? The number of words permitted in the abstract is various. It is usually specified in a part of a journal: “Instructions to Authors” or “Paper Template”. But commonly, it is between 150 -300 words.

Example of Abstract (1): Learning Cycle 7 E with Audio Visual Media Enhancing Science Learning Outcomes I Nyoman Bagus Pradipta Kencana, Ni Wayan Arini, Luh Putu Putrini Mahadewi Abstract The science learning outcomes of grade V elementary school students tend to be low; this is seen from the number of students who have not reached KKM more than the number of students who have reached KKM. This is the main reason for doing this research. This study aims to determine the effect of the Learning Cycle 7 E learning model providing audiovisual to the learning outcomes of science learning in fifth grade elementary school students. This type of research is a quasi-experimental study using a non-equivalent post-test only control group design. The population of this research is all of the fifth-grade elementary school students, amounting to 129 students. The sample uses a random sampling technique, with 81 students. Data collection in this study uses a test method with multiple choice test instruments. The data obtained were analyzed using descriptive statistical analysis and inferential statistics. Based on the hypothesis test obtained tcount 51. 23 is greater than ttable 1. 91, thus it can be concluded that there is a significant effect of the Learning Cycle 7 E learning model providing audiovisual on the science learning outcomes of fifth grade elementary school students. (Source: International Journal of Elementary Education. Volume 4, Number 3, Tahun 2020, pp. 357 -365, P-ISSN: 2579 -7158 E-ISSN: 2549 -6050 Open Access: https: //ejournal. undiksha. ac. id/index. php/IJEE - Universitas Pendidikan Ganesha)

Example of Abstract (2): The Effectiveness of Storytelling and Roleplaying Media in Enhancing Early Childhood Empathy Ratna Suryani 1, Sugiyo Pranoto 2, Budi Astuti 2 1. TK Ceria Anakku Semarang, Indonesia 2. Pascasarjana, Universitas Negeri Semarang, Indonesia Abstract Kindergarten children’s still have difficulty to work in a team. Some of them still focus on their own activities without regard to their friends. This shows that there are deficiencies in the learning process so that children empathy does not yet develop. The purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of storytelling and roleplaying media in increasing empathy skills of kindergarten students. The research method was a quasi-experimental design. The subject was kindergarten students who were within the age range of 5 -6 in Genuk district in which samples were 31 students as the experimental class and 21 students as the control class. The data analysis technique used descriptive analysis, paired t-test, and independent t-test. The results showed that the storytelling and roleplaying media could significantly increase empathy of early childhood (AUD), the average score of AUD social empathy of the experimental class was higher than that of the control class and 32. 46% of AUD social empathy in the experimental class was in the Developing as Expected (BSH). Therefore, it could be concluded that the application of storytelling and roleplaying method was effective in increasing social empathy skills compared to the application of storytelling media only. (Source: Journal of Primary Education 9 (5) (2020) : 546 -553 – Unnes)

Example of Abstract (3): DEVELOPING MATHEMATICS LEARNING MATERIALS ABOUT FLOW RATE USING INTERACTIVE POWERPOINT FOR FIFTH GRADE STUDENTS Putri Zudhah Ferryka 1, Sri Suwartini 2 1, 2 Pendidikan Guru Sekolah Dasar, Fakultas Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan, Universitas Widya Dharma Klaten, Indonesia 1 putrizudhah@unwidha. ac. id, 2 ssuwartini 66@gmail. com ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of mathematics learning application media for the fifth-grade elementary school students about the flow rate. The research was designed to develop learning material using interactive Power. Point media. The study was conducted at Barenglor 4 Elementary School. This study used the Research and Development (R&D) method by employing four procedures development which include: (a) exploration, (b) the development of the draft/prototype, (c) test try products and revisions, and (d) final validation. The research subjects were fifth-grade students at Barenglor 4 Elementary School. A total of 48 students were separated into two groups. There were 24 students in the experimental group and 24 students in the control group. The independent sample t-test was used to analyze the data with a significance level of 0. 05. The researcher used expert judgment both academicians and practitioners. The results of the study showed that the learning tools were reviewed by the experts of material, media, and evaluation about the aspects of syllabi, lesson plans, instructional media, and assessing for learning outcomes categorized as "Very Good". The application of learning tools, in general, can be reached with the "Very Good" category. Then, the difference in the final results between the control class and the experimental class after using a thematic-integrative learning tool with p<0. 05. Keywords: mathematics learning; flow rate; interactive powerpoint.

PART 2: HOW TO WRITE INTRODUCTION PART IN A SCIENTIFIC PAPER

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. What is the purpose of introduction part in a scientific paper? What is the content of introduction part in a scientific paper What kind of tense is used in writing the introduction part in a scientific paper? What are the strategies in writing the introduction part in a scientific paper? Example of introduction part in a scientific paper

What is the purpose of the introduction part in a research paper? The function of introduction part is to provide readers with background information about the research which is described in the research paper.

What is the content of an introduction part in a research paper? According to Davis (2001), a good introduction part generally consists of five parts: 1. Presentation of a research problem. In this part, the writer explains the background of the research for example, telling the benefits to be gained by the research or why the problem has not been solved yet. 2. Gap in the literature. In this part, the author elaborates the answer why the study was conducted and what gap in the literature the author was trying to fill by conducting this study. A ‘gap’ in the literature can be defined as the area which has not yet been explored or studied before (Davis, 2001). Additionally, Moeini (2014) defines “gap” as a question or problem that has not been addressed or answered adequately or at all in the literature. The gap can be a population, sample size, research site, research method, data collection technique, data analysis technique, or other research variables (Macintosh, 2009). 3. The purpose of the research. In this part, the author explains the research problem which is trying to address. The research problem does not have to be a statement, but at least, imply what the author is trying to find. Many authors prefer to place thesis statement or hypothesis here. 4. The nature of the research. In this part, the author explains the nature of the research, such as the variables that were investigated and the research methods that were used (Clark, 2007). 5. A brief review of the relevant literature. This part should be a synthesis of theories with appropriate references and citations. Abbreviations can be used if the words are used at least 10 times or best recognized in its abbreviated form. If an abbreviation is going to be used, the writer should define it at the beginning part, so it can always be used thereafter. For example: “The term of Technology-Enhanced Language Learning (TELL) is not something new. Many Indonesian teachers have used TELL in their classrooms”. The purpose of the literature review is to describe past important research and its relation to the research problems. It should include all relevant findings from credible sources, such as academic books and peer-reviewed journal articles.

What kind of tense is used in the introduction part? What the authors did and found in the research should be written in the form of simple past tense. Other information is written in the form of simple present tense.

What are the strategies in writing the introduction part? There are two strategies for writing the introduction of a research paper. Some authors write the introduction part when they begin writing a research paper. However, for some other authors, the introduction part is the last thing written. It is like writing the summary of the paper. As long as an author has planned a good structure for the parts of a research paper, both approaches are acceptable and it is a matter of preference.

Example of Introduction Part The Effectiveness of Storytelling and Roleplaying Media in Enhancing Early Childhood Empathy Ratna Suryani 1, Sugiyo Pranoto 2, Budi Astuti 2 1. TK Ceria Anakku Semarang, Indonesia, 2. Pascasarjana, Universitas Negeri Semarang, Indonesia (Source: Journal of Primary Education, 9 (5) (2020) : 546– 553. DOI: https: //doi. org/ 10. 15294/jpe. v 9 i 5. 43532, available at: https: //journal. unnes. ac. id/sju/index. php/jpe)

Introduction (Paragraph 1 -3) Education is indispensable asset for a nation’s progress. Therefore, every citizen must follow the education level (Nisa ', 2017). Considering how important education is, the government also manages the most fundamental educational institution, namely Early Childhood Education (AUD). AUD Education which particularly refers to the 2013 curriculum, is based on fun learning with a learning model that is in accordance with the child's nature and world, which is playing. AUD learning is arranged in a planned and holistic manner, where children are given opportunities to explore their potential based on their abilities and levels of development during learning process. (Suarta, 2018). AUD Education is an initial education to form stages of growth and development where children are stimulated by educational stimulations so that all aspects of their development develop optimally. One of aspects in the field of developing basic skills in AUD Education is the social emotional (Ariyanti, 2016). According to a et al. (2019), social emotional development is one of the important developments for children because they live based on their parents and families’ environment in the community. Thus, the social emotional aspect plays an important role in determining children's success in the future. The ability to behave socially needs to be owned by children since they were young as a foundation for their development ability to interact with their wider environment. According to Adrianinditha (2015), children who can socialize well based on their developmental stage and age tend to be sociable children. The inability of children to behave socially as expected by their environment can obstruct children development to control their emotions (Tatminingsih, 2019). This situation cause children become excluded from the environment and have low self-confidence. Moreover, they will withdraw from the environment. AUD especially in the age of 5 – 6 years, basically have a desire to be accepted by their group.

Introduction (Paragraph 4 - 8) Many children, especially AUD, have difficulty in social interaction such as being afraid to speak or express their opinions, not paying attention when friends are talking, taking things without permission and being in power. These things are caused by lack children’s social empathy. Poor social skills indicate anti-social behavior, not having a spirit of cooperation and empathy, liking to fight, and being alone. Empathy is an attitude of how individual can acknowledge and understand others’ feelings without experiencing themselves (Silfiasari, 2017). Children who have empathy are typically sensitive, understanding, and caring to others’ feelings and able to identify them verbally. Zainudin & Ediati (2016) state that empathy fundamentally exists in children, but if it is not improved, this ability will be lost. Therefore, empathy is incredibly good if instilled early. With enhanced empathy, hopefully children will be able to feel what other people feel and learn that not every wish can be fulfilled. Kindergarten students in Genuk District, Semarang City, still have lack of empathy. Based on the observation, children still have difficulty to work in a team. Some of them still focus on their own activities without regard to their friends. This shows that there are deficiencies in the learning process so that children empathy does not yet develop. Responding to this problem, an effective learning strategy is needed to enhance children empathy skills. One strategy which can be applied is role playing and storytelling. Storytelling and roleplaying media can be applied in the AUD learning, as stated by Nasution (2016), in general, in the development of children in the age of 5 to 6, they have already associated with all their friends, shown tolerance towards others, and been able to play cooperatively (cooperative play). Playing can also prosper children’s mental and emotional wellbeing. AUD period can be called as a playing period for children in which their daily is filled with playing activities with inner freedom so that they become more active, creative, and imaginative (Pravitasari, 2018). Hence, storytelling and roleplaying media can be an alternative method to increase AUD empathy. The purpose of this study is to determine the effectiveness of storytelling and roleplaying media in developing and improving the empathy skills of AUD in Kindergarten, Genuk District, Semarang City.

1. An abstract is a paragraph of maximum 300 words which summarizes the entire parts of a scientific paper that includes: 1) the overall purpose of the study and the research problem(s) investigated; 2) the basic design of the study; 3) major findings found as a result of analysis; and, 4) a brief summary of interpretations and conclusions. 2. A introduction explains the scope, context, and significance of the research by summarizing theories and background information about the topic, stating the purpose of the research supported by a hypothesis or a set of research questions, highlighting the potential outcomes the study can reveal (gap), and outlining the remaining structure and organization of the paper.

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