How To Read Blueprints Shop Drawings Outline of

How To Read Blueprints & Shop Drawings

Outline of Class Part 1 will be a lecture style learning environment where we will study the basics and see examples. Part 2 will be hands on learning with real plan sets and real shop drawings where you will have to answer some basic questions that the answers can be found in the drawings themselves. Final Exam

Part 1: Lecture Types of Plans Civil Plans Shop Drawings

Types Of Plans What A is a blueprint(Plan)? blueprint (Not really blue anymore) is a set of drawings that show the overall work to be performed on a project.

Types Of Plans Civil Construction Plans –Roads, parking lots & airport runways that are drawn by a Civil Engineer. Shop Drawings – Very well detailed drawings of one piece of the project such as a box culvert.

Types Of Plans: Civil Often drawn by civil engineers which are engineers who design and maintain roads, bridges, dams, and similar structures. They deal mostly with the earth work & grading, storm sewer, sanitary sewer, gas lines and other utilities. Types of projects you see using civil plans are road projects, airports, parking lots for buildings & residential subdivisions. See the example to the right.

Types Of Plans: Shop Drawings Shop drawings are very well detailed versions of something specific on a project like a special manhole or water quality unit. They usually show every aspect broken down into easily discernable information for engineers and plant personnel to use for their respective purposes. They often range from a few pages to over 100 pages long to encompass every specific detail necessary.

Civil Plans: General Break Down Cover Page General Notes Removal Pages Plan Legend & Symbols Utility Pages Overall Utility Plan Storm Plan Sanitary Plan Water Main Plan Vs. Profile View Difference Details & Specifications

Civil: Cover Page The cover page has a lot of vital information that pertains to the project such as: Name of the project Physical location of the project for delivery purposes Specific county/twp. for the project that may have certain regulations for different aspects of the project Engineering company who designed the project Revision number or approved for construction What type of job is it such as a road project or parking lot

Civil: General Notes The general notes page will contain vital information that can pertain to type of storm pipe used as well as the class of storm pipe used. It can also contain different notes about the connections to from the pipe to the manholes such as a grouted connection or a booted connection.

Civil: Removal Pages (If Any) Removal pages show what is existing in the ground per the “asbuilt” plans from previous projects on that site They may also show what is to be left in place and used on the new project Sometimes having the existing information can help solve issues with the proposed structures Not all jobs have removal pages as it could be a completely new site

Civil: Plan Legend & Symbols In order to be able to read construction plans, you must first know what to look for. To the right is a typical legend that is used to identify manholes, pipe runs, and other utilities on the project by using symbols to represent what is placed in that location. As you can see, there are different line weights & symbols, or light vs dark, for proposed lines vs existing lines. The manhole symbol (no sump) is a different symbol than the catch basin symbol (usually 2’ sump). Sanitary sewer lines are marked with a “s” and a solid line. Storm sewer lines are marked with the size of pipe and a dashed line. Water main lines are marked with a solid line and a “w”. Every engineer does it differently but uses similar symbols to differentiate between each of the utilities; this is just an example of one of them.

Civil: Utility Pages – Overall Utility Plan The overall utility plan can be quite confusing with all of the different lines and line types. Using the legend can help decipher which lines are which. Sometimes just picking one manhole and tracing the lines will help you identify what system it’s apart of whether it be sanitary, storm, or water main etc. Some people like to use different color high-lighter markers to bring out the different utility lines such as storm, sanitary, water, gas etc. Top photo shows a standard utility plan vs the bottom photo shows each utility highlighted and separated to show clarity. Yellow is Storm Green is Sanitary Orange is Water Main

Civil: Storm Plan The storm plan will show everything specifically related to storm water control which is rain water collected from parking lots and roof drains etc. It shows the length and type of pipe used between manholes. Sometimes only the pipe size is listed and you have to search for the pipe type and class that it pertains to in the general specifications or detail pages in the back of the plan set. Every engineer does it differently and no two plans are alike for the most part. It shows the necessary information about each manhole as well: Rim: Final ground elevation on top of manhole (Top of Casting) Invert: Elevation of the inside bottom of pipe entering or exiting the manhole Structure Diameter: Inside diameter of the manhole Pipe Size: 12”, 24”, etc. Direction of Pipe Run: N, S, E, W, etc. Type of Manhole: MH, CB, STC, Pump Station, etc. Sump: Usually 2’ of extra manhole depth under the outlet pipe to act as a trap for dirt, sand, and other debris traveling in the storm system.

Civil: Sanitary Plan The sanitary plan will show everything specifically related to sanitary sewer which pertains to the flow of human waste products. It shows the length and type of pipe used between manholes. It shows the necessary information about each manhole as well: Rim: Final ground elevation on top of manhole (Top of Casting) Invert: Elevation of the inside bottom of pipe entering or exiting the manhole Structure Diameter: Inside diameter of the manhole (Mainly 48” for Sanitary) Pipe Size: 6”, 8”, etc. Direction of Pipe Run: N, S, E, W, etc.

Civil: Water Main Plan The water main plan will show everything specifically related to water distribution which is the flow of fresh drinking water as well as water for fire control. It shows mostly the water main lines but sometimes there are concrete structures called Gate Valves or Tapping Sleeve Valve in Well. Most of the time you will only see what type of water main structure it is and the Rim Elevation used. More details about these structures will be located in the back of the plans.

Civil: Plan Vs. Profile View Difference Plan View (Looking Down From the Sky) Profile View (Looking from The Side)

Civil: Details & Specifications The details and specifications are usually found in the back of the plan set and have very important information regarding the special regulations or rules that govern the manholes, pipe, and other product on the job. One example for sanitary manholes would be if there any specialty coatings or admixtures required based on the existing soil conditions. They can be anything from detailed breakdowns of specialty structures such as an outlet control structure or just the simple requirements for storm and sanitary manholes. You will also find details on the water main structures on the project if there any. See next slide for examples.

Civil: Details & Specifications Details Example: OCS MH Specifications Example

Shop Drawings: General Breakdown What Makes Up a Shop Drawing? Commonly Used Symbols, Acronyms & Definitions Basic Box Culvert Shop Drawing Example RCP Pipe Bends RCP MH Tee’s Man Hole Opening Angles Hole Size & Clearance Specialty Products: Outlet Control Structures (OCS’s) Pump Station Water Quality Unit: Stormceptor (STC) Grease Trap Detention System

Shop Drawings: What are they? Shop drawings are very well detailed versions of individual pieces of the project. In order to produce a shop drawing, most if not all of the following should be included: Three different views: Plan View – As viewed from the top Profile View – Cut-away view as seen from the front or back using a virtual knife. Side View – As viewed from either the left or right side. Solid Lines – Solid lines show edges of the product that can be seen in real life. Dashed Lines – Dashed (Or Hidden) lines show edges of the product that CANNOT be seen in real life. Shading – Shading (Or Hatching) provides texture, depth, clarity & definition to different faces of the product. Dimensions – Dimensions show the length, size, diameter, etc. of each product. Symbols – Symbols are used to label specific aspects of the product such as the diameter (ø) of a circular hole. Elevations – Elevations are used to describe a specific height on a project based on a surveyors control point. Notes – Notes will have pertinent information about weights, specifications, concrete strengths etc. Project Name – Project name just describes which project this product is for. Contractor Name – Contractor name describes who is purchasing the product.

Shop Drawings: What are they? In order to produce a shop drawing, most if not all of the following should be included: Three different views: Plan View – As viewed from the top Profile View – Cut-away view as seen from the front or back using a virtual knife. Side View – As viewed from either the left or right side.

Shop Drawings: What are they? In order to produce a shop drawing, most if not all of the following should be included: Solid Lines – Solid lines show edges of the product that can be seen in real life. Dashed Lines – Dashed (Or Hidden) lines show edges of the product that CANNOT be seen in real life. THIS IS THE MAIN KEY TO BEING ABLE TO READ SHOP DRAWINGS.

Shop Drawings: What are they? In order to produce a shop drawing, most if not all of the following should be included: Shading – Shading (Or Hatching) provides texture, depth, clarity & definition to different faces of the product.

Shop Drawings: What are they? In order to produce a shop drawing, most if not all of the following should be included: Dimensions – Dimensions show the length, size, diameter, etc. of each product shown in feet (‘) & inches (“). Be careful when reading dimensions. 1’-0” can look like 10” at a quick glance.

Shop Drawings: What are they? In order to produce a shop drawing, most if not all of the following should be included: Symbols – Symbols are used to label specific aspects of the product such as the diameter (ø) of a circular hole.

Shop Drawings: What are they? In order to produce a shop drawing, most if not all of the following should be included: Elevations – Elevations are used to describe a specific height on a project based on a surveyors control point.

Shop Drawings: What are they? In order to produce a shop drawing, most if not all of the following should be included: Notes – Notes will have pertinent information about weights, specifications, concrete strengths etc.

Shop Drawings: What are they? In order to produce a shop drawing, most if not all of the following should be included: Project Name – Project name just describes which project this product is for. Contractor Name – Contractor name describes who is purchasing the product.

Shop Drawings: Diameter Symbol: Symbols, Acronyms, & Definitions ø Definition: The distance from one side to the opposite side of a circle, measured by a line passing through the center line of the circle.

Shop Drawings: Center line symbol: Symbols, Acronyms, & Definitions ℄ Definition: A real or imaginary line through the center of something. Example: The 8” ø hole is offset 12” from the center line.

Shop Drawings: Symbols, Acronyms, & Definitions C. C. E. W. – Center to Center Each Way O. C. E. W. – On Center Each Way Example: #4 Bar @ 12” C. C. E. W. means you lay a #4 bar every 12” in both directions (Side to Side as well as Up & Down).

Shop Drawings: Symbols, Acronyms, & Definitions WWF Mesh – Welded Wire Fabric Mesh Example: 0. 200 in 2/ft. WWF Mesh means 0. 200 inch squared area per linear foot of welded wire fabric mesh

Shop Drawings: Degree Symbol: Symbols, Acronyms, & Definitions ° or 38° Definition: A unit of measurement of angles, 0 -360°. Example: The 18” outlet hole is located 45° from the steps.

Shop Drawings: Symbols, Acronyms, & Definitions Flow Channel – Flow channels allow continuous flow through the manhole by creating troughs for the liquid to flow through. Seen mostly in sanitary manholes.

Shop Drawings: Symbols, Acronyms, & Definitions Man Hole – A manhole usually has zero sump to it meaning the inlet and outlet pipes are at the very bottom of the structure Catch Basin – Catch basins will usually have 2’ of sump in order to catch debris and trap it in the lower 2’ of the structure. Some counties/townships are now requiring 3’-4’ of sump.

Shop Drawings: Symbols, Acronyms, & Definitions RCP – Reinforced Concrete Pipe PVC – Polyvinyl Chloride HDPE – High Density Polyethylene CO-HDPE – Corrugated High Density Polyethylene CMP – Corrugated Metal Pipe Truss Pipe – Concrete Lined Plastic Pipe DIP – Ductile Iron Pipe

Shop Drawings: Symbols, Acronyms, & Definitions Flexible Connections – Rubber connections that adapt the pipe to the structure Kor-N-Seal - Rubber boots that expand against the manhole and tighten around the inlet and outlet pipes. A-Lok Gasket – Cast in rubber gasket that seals against the inlet and outlet pipes. Press-Seal – Rubber boots as well as cast in rubber gaskets. Link Seal – Expandable links that connect together to form a seal in between the pipe and structure. Creates a watertight seal instead of using grout/mortar. Many sizes to choose from for different sizes and types of pipe.

Shop Drawings: OD – Outer diameter of round product ID – Inner diameter of round product Symbols, Acronyms, & Definitions

Shop Drawings: Bell – Female end of pipe Spigot – Male end of pipe Symbols, Acronyms, & Definitions

Shop Drawings: Pallet – Forms the bell Header – Forms the spigot Symbols, Acronyms, & Definitions

Shop Drawings: Symbols, Acronyms, & Definitions Jacket – Forms the outer wall for round product. Core – Forms the inner wall for round product.

Shop Drawings: Symbols, Acronyms, & Definitions Reducer – Flat concrete manhole top with a joint. Cover – Flat concrete manhole top without a joint. Cone – Tapered concrete manhole cover with a joint that varies in height from 2’ – 5’.

Shop Drawings: Symbols, Acronyms, & Definitions PSI – Pounds per square inch – Pressure (in pounds) exerted on a 1” x 1” space. f’c = 5, 000 psi – 28 day strength of concrete required for product

Shop Drawings: Symbols, Acronyms, & Definitions Typ. – Typical – Used to describe a note that applies to more than one part of the product.

Shop Drawings: Basic Box Culvert Ex. -Part 1

Shop Drawings: Basic Box Culvert Ex. -Part 2

Shop Drawings: Basic Box Culvert Ex. -Part 3

Shop Drawings: Basic Box Culvert Ex. -Part 3 – Isometric View (3 Dimensional View in 2 Dimensions)

Shop Drawings: RCP Pipe Bend Pipe bends allow for a change in direction mid run, measured in degrees (°), without using a man hole. Bends are used when the pipe run needs to be deflected to avoid some sort of other utility or structure such as a building foundation for example. When making the cut line, whether it be wetcast or dry-cast pipe, the cut line only measures half of the angle that the completed bend is supposed to be. This is because once you rotate the top half 180° into position, the (2) cut lines then add together to form the full bend in the piece. Call it out!: What is the measurement, in degrees (°), of the completed bend? What size pipe is being used? How many lift holes are there? What class of pipe is being used?

Shop Drawings: RCP MH Tee RCP Manhole Tee’s are used in place of man holes when a long straight run of larger pipe is being installed on a project. It allows for faster installation time on the job because you don’t need to stop to install the manholes and pipe connections. You can just keep laying pipe. Can be used for shallow or deep bury conditions by differing the MH risers used on top.

Shop Drawings: RCP Saddle Tee’s are also used in place of man holes when a long straight run of larger pipe is being installed on a project. It allows for faster installation time on the job because you don’t need to stop to install the manholes and pipe connections. You can just keep laying pipe. Mainly used for shallow bury projects where you only have enough room for placing the frame & casting on top.

Shop Drawings: MH Opening Angles The angles of the pipe entering and exiting the manholes are determined using the circular protractor to the right. You start by placing the “ 0” where you want the steps to be, and then read the corresponding angles of where the pipe enter and exit the manhole. These angles will be the information you use to input into the manhole program such as Titan. See example on next slide.

Shop Drawings: MH Opening Angles By placing the “ 0” mark at where you want the steps, the corresponding angles are shown for where all of the pipe enter and exit the structure. The steps are at 0° The 6” HDPE is at 90° The 15” RCP is at 140° & 230° NOTE: There is a specific angle/distance that needs to be accounted for when placing holes close to the steps. You can only get so close before you are out of specification or drilling right into a step location depending on hole size.

Shop Drawings: Hole Size & Clearance When a pipe is installed into a manhole, the hole that it is being placed into, needs to be large enough to accept the pipe as well as the means to create a water tight connection whether it be grout or a boot. Example: 15” ø RCP has an OD (Outer diameter) of 19. 5”. With a 24” ø hole to place it into, that leaves 2. 25” of space all the way around the pipe to seal it. If the pipe is being booted, a specific size hole must be used in order for the boot to properly tighten against the manhole, and then against the pipe coming into it. In the example to the right, there isn’t a booted connection, therefore, the left over space around the pipe will just be grouted in the field.

Shop Drawings: Specialty – OCS Outlet control structures restrict the flow of water by placing a concrete wall in the middle of the manhole. These concrete walls are called weir walls and they contain specific size holes at specific elevations that are calculated based on on-site water volumes, detention pond capacities, rain rates, etc. The weir wall slides into keyways that are cast in place when produced. The joints between the weir wall and manhole are then sealed per the engineers recommendations. These shop drawings allow engineers, as well as plant personnel, to see the whole structure in it’s entirety. Every detail is called out so that no question is left unanswered and all parties know what is expected once it is complete. Call it out!: What’s the Rim elevation? What type of pipe is entering and exiting the OCS? What’s the inner diameter of the structure? How thick is the integral base? At what angles are the keyways placed? What’s the heaviest pick weight? How much room is there for casting and adjustment? (Outlet Control Structure)

Shop Drawings: Specialty – OCS The weir wall has it’s own specific drawing because of the amount of detail that is needed in order to show every single aspect of it including it’s size and placement of holes. Call it out!: How wide is the weir wall? How thick is the weir wall? How tall is the weir wall? At what height do you place the 4. 5”ø holes at? How many ¾”ø holes are there? What kind of reinforcing is called out? (Outlet Control Structure)

Shop Drawings: Specialty – Pump Station Pump stations take incoming storm water or sanitary human waste at a lower elevation via gravity and pump it out at a higher elevation using electrically powered pumps that are placed at the bottom of the structure. Typical pump stations will have an access hatch in the cover so as to allow for the replacement of the pumps in case they fail or need service. There is usually a specific location the engineer wants to place the hatch so as to align the pumps on a rail system for easy service as well. A vent is also typical in the cover as well. Shop drawings allow you to pin point the exact location of everything that is necessary to build the product. Call it out!: What is the size of the inlet pipe entering the manhole? (Tricky…) What diameter is the oversized base? What is the offset, in inches, of the outlet pipes from the centerline? What is the inner diameter of the structure? What brand of boots are being used for the pipe penetrations? What is the heaviest lift weight?

Shop Drawings: Specialty – Pump Station The cover for the pump station will have very specific placement of the hatch so as to align with the rail system that the pumps attach to. In this case, the hatch is centered on the cover from both sides. Note the placement of the 6” SS vent. Call it out!: What is the clear opening of the supplied hatch? What weight capacity wire rope anchors are being used? What reinforcement is being used in the bottom mat? What size bar is the diagonal bar?

Shop Drawings: Specialty – Water quality units take the incoming storm water and separates the solids/oils out of the stream and contain it within the unit. Anything from sand particles, pebbles, oil and gas can be separated out and held within the unit. This is accomplished by the use of baffles, pipes, and the different properties of the incoming substances that run through a special insert that is installed after the manhole is produced. The water quality units are typically located before the inlet of an underground detention system or sometimes inline with the discharge pipe for the whole job. These units will typically need to be cleaned out periodically. Call it out!: What model of STC is this? What is the inner diameter of the structure? What is the hole size for the inlet pipe? What specific boot is called out for the outlet pipe? How thick is the integral base? Water Quality Unit

Shop Drawings: Specialty – A plan view of the STC 900 shows the placement of the special insert as well as the angle of all the pipe penetrations etc. Call it out!: Is this a multi-inlet insert or a single-inlet insert? At what angle is the outlet pipe? What angle are the steps located at? What diameter is the oil port? Water Quality Unit

Shop Drawings: Specialty – Grease Trap Grease traps are typically used in sanitary systems to catch the heavy greases and oils that are dumped down the drain at restaurants and other places. A common project to see these on is a Taco Bell. They have a baffle wall similar to an outlet control structure that contains the grease/oil in the first compartment and allow the normal liquids to flow through. These units will typically need to be cleaned out periodically. Call it out!: What is the height of the base section? What is the thickness of the baffle wall? What is wall thickness of the structure? What size are the access openings? What is the capacity of this model on gallons?

Shop Drawings: Specialty – Detention systems are used to store rain water underneath parking lots and roads so as to not over load the downstream storm drainage system in heavy rainfall events. In order for the detention system to work, an outlet control structure is used at the outlet end that contains a wall in the middle of the structure with small holes in it that only allows a certain amount of water to exit the system in any given minute. Using a combination of horizontal pipe tee’s, vertical access tee’s & end plugs, the detention system can be configured in multiple row’s and orientations to allow for different volumes of water necessary for each project. Call it out!: What is the size of pipe being used? How many 48” access tee’s are there? How many stock pieces of pipe are we supplying? What is the horizontal distance between the (2) systems (Left & Right)? Who is supplying the OCS? Detention System

Part 2 – Hands On Civil Plan Set Exercise Outlet Control Structure Exercise Box Culvert Exercise Concrete Pipe Detention System Exercise Final Exam

Part 2 – Hands On – Civil Plan Set Open up the civil plans labeled “Holiday Inn Express & Hampton Inn & Suites” and answer the following questions provided below: (You may work in groups of 3 -4 people) 1. What civil engineering firm designed the plans? 2. What is the rim elevation of sanitary manhole “A”? 3. What length, size, type, and class of pipe runs between catch basin 15 and catch basin 14? 4. What is the diameter of catch basin 20? 5. What is the invert elevation of the 12” line coming out of catch basin 18? 6. What is the rim elevation of the water quality unit labeled “STC 4800”? 7. What is the invert elevation of the 12” force main coming out of the pump station? 8. What are the names of the (2) roads that this project is located on?

Part 2 – Hands On – OCS Shop Drawing Open up the OCS shop drawings labeled “Madison Heights Glass” and answer the following questions provided below: (You may work in groups of 3 -4 People) 1. What city is this project located in? 2. What angle is the 12” RCP line located at? 3. What size is the opening for the 42” RCP line? 4. What is the inner diameter of the structure? 5. What is the external height of the base section? 6. How many 24” access openings are in the cover? 7. What is the heaviest lift weight of the structure? 8. What is the height of the weir wall? 9. What is the width of the weir wall? 10. What size of pipe is being cast into the weir wall?

Part 2 – Hands On – Box Culvert Open up the Box Culvert drawings labeled “Greenly Street” and answer the following questions provided below: (You may work in groups of 3 -4 People) 1. How many sections are there total? 2. How many 4’ sections are there? 3. How thick is the top deck of the box? 4. How many “lift” holes are in one piece? 5. On page 3 of 7, what size and type of threaded inserts are used for the tie plate connection? 6. What is the weight, in lbs. , of a 4’ section? 7. What is the lay length of section 14? 8. How many galvanized tie plates are needed to complete the job? 9. What strength of concrete, in psi, is being used for this box culvert? 10. What is the inner span & rise of the box culvert?

Part 2 – Hands On – RCP Detention System Open up the Detention System drawings labeled “Wilson Park Village” and answer the following questions provided below: (You may work in groups of 3 -4 People) 1. What strength of concrete (in PSI) is required for this project? 2. How many stock pieces of 60” pipe are needed? 3. How many 60” x 60” horizontal tee’s are required for this project? 4. How many lift holes are in the 60” x 60” horizontal tee’s? 5. How far does the 60” tee extension extend off of the side of the 60” horizontal tee? 6. What is the length of the (4) 60” connector pieces that connect the (2) rows together? 7. Specify the (3) different hole sizes going into the 60” end caps? 8. How many lift holes are in the 60” x 48” access tee? 9. How many steps are needed in (1) 60” x 48” access tee? 10. What size hole is going into the side of the 60” RCP for pipe penetrations?

Final Exam 1) What type of engineer designs civil plan sets? 12. How much sump (in feet) does a typical catch basin have? 2) Explain the difference between plan & profile view. 13. What does RCP stand for? 3) What type of drawings are extremely detailed versions of a specific structure on a plan set? 14. In an outlet control structure, what does the weir wall contain that controls the flow of water? 4) Name the (3) different views every shop drawing should have? 15. True or False: Pump stations take incoming water at a higher elevation and pump it out at a lower elevation? 5) Describe the difference between solid & dashed lines when looking at a shop drawing? (What do they show? ) 16. What are the flexible pipe-to-manhole connections made out of? 6) To the best of your ability, define the following: 17. Describe the difference between ID & OD. 18. Name a common restaurant where a grease trap would be installed. 19. Extra Credit: WORTH 2 POINTS: Why are they called blue prints if they aren’t blue? Explain your answer. 1) Rim Elevation: 2) Invert Elevation: 3) Structure Diameter: 4) Pipe Size: 5) Sump: 7) Define & draw the diameter of a circle. 8) Define C. C. E. W. 9) True or False: The plan view is looking from the side? 10) How many degrees are in a complete circle? 11) When using your circular protractor to measure the angles of the inlet and outlet pipes, at what angle do you place the steps at?