How to Do a Reference According to APA

How to Do a Reference? According to APA (Harvard Style) By Ihssan A. J. ALMuslimawi

What is Referencing? - Referencing is an acknowledgement of the sources of the information, ideas, thoughts and data which you have used in your work. - APA (Harvard Style): American Psychological Association APA style is an author-date citation style. It was developed mainly for use in psychology, but has also been adopted by other disciplines.

Two Places of Citation Referencing requires you to acknowledge your source in two places: 1 - An in-text citation in the main body of your text. 2 - A full reference in the list of references at the end of your work.

1 - In-text citation l - When the citation appears at the end of a sentence of the paragraph, the APA style requires: the surname of the author (or authors), the date of publication, separated by a comma, and enclosed in parentheses. Page number if it is a quotation.

Examples “in-text referencing” One author: (Lyons, 2009). l Two authors: (Chomsky & Jack, 2007) (Yule & Smith, 2006, p. 108) l Three or more authors: (Peate, Platow, & Eggins, 2008) (Peate et al. , 2008) et al. means “and others”. Only cite the first author, then follow it with ‘et al. ’. l

In-text Citation l You might refer to two or more pieces of work in a single reference: (Smith, 2003; Jones, 2005) l When the citation appears at the beginning or middle of a sentence, you could use the following forms: Betty (2014) shows ………… Chomsky (2001) argues that ……… -

In-text Citation l l l Shaw and Jack (2005) develop ……… Peter et al. (2010) enhance ………. . This theory, by Allen and Chris (2011) (see also Pearce (2010); Paul and Cathy (2011); and many others) Recent work (such as: Pill (2012); Cathy and Peter (2013); Judy et al. , (2014); and many others) prove that ……. Binding theory, as supported by Chomsky (2002), is defined as ……………. . A recent study by Smith and Jones (2013) involved

Some Verbs Jack (2010) pointed to some …. l This experiment included a group of rats …. . l Some limited research has indicated that …. . l Ihssan (2012) found that ……. l Philosophers have only interpreted the world. . (suggest, investigate, demonstrate, enhance, mention, conclude, point out, claim, maintain, state, identify, list, examine, review, report, analyze, survey, and the like) l

2 - A full reference in the list of references/Bibliography 1 - Books: - Author(s) – surname, followed by a comma, followed by initial(s), include full stops and spaces between the initials. - Year of publications - enclosed in parentheses, followed by a full stop. Use (n. d. ), if you do not know the year exactly. - Title - in italics. Use capitals as though the title were a sentence.

2 - A full reference in the list of references/Bibliography l l l Edition - if not the first. Abbreviate, e. g. 2 nd ed. Enclose in parentheses, and follow with a full stop. Place of publication - this should be the city, followed by a colon. Publisher - followed by a full stop.

Examples of Citation Books l l l Bicaso, C. H. (2005). Life of marsupials. Collingwood: CSIRO Publishing. Hunter, M. L. , & Gibbs, J. P. (2007). Fundamentals of conservation biology (3 rd ed. ). Malden, MA: Blackwell Pub. Clarke, M. , Corbett-Jones, J. , Flynn, L. , Ferry , K. , Corrigan , J. , Hargreaves, C. , . . . Westley , E. (2010). Devils, demons and werewolves. Manchester: Bridge House. Secretary of State for International Development (2000). Eliminating world poverty: making globalisation work for the poor: white paper on international development. London: Stationery Office. Mahjoub, A. (Ed. ). (1990). Adjustment or delinking? : the African experience. Tokyo: United Nations University Press.

2 - A full reference in the list of references/Bibliography l E-book If you access a book electronically, rather than using the print version, follow the above guidelines for authors/editors, dates, titles and editions. You do not need to include publication details. You should also include: l Web address – If the e-book has a DOI, use this, preceded by ‘doi: ’ l If there is no DOI use the URL, preceded by the words ‘Retrieved from’. You do not need to included the entire URL for the e-book

2 - A full reference in the list of references/Bibliography l l Paul, G. R. (2000). The post-traumatic stress disorder sourcebook: a guide to healing, recovery, and growth. doi: 10. 1036/0071393722 Betty, C. (2000). British cinema in the fifties: gender, genre, and the 'new look'. Retrieved from http: //www. netlibrary. com

2 - A full reference in the list of references/Bibliography 3 - Papers or Chapters in books l l l l Author/s of the chapter, paper, etc. - See instructions for Books. Year of publication – in parentheses, followed by a full stop. Title of the paper or chapter - in normal font, do not use italics or underline. Follow with a full stop, In. Editor of the book – initial(s) followed by full stops, then space, surname, followed by (Ed. ) or (Eds. ). If there is more than one editor, follow each name with a comma, and use an ampersand (&) before the last name. Follow with a comma. Title of the book - the title of the book in italics and sentence case. Page numbers - the page numbers for the paper or chapter, e. g. pp. 205211. Enclose in parentheses, and follow with a full stop. Place of publication & Publisher – as for books.

Examples l l Boswell, M. (2007). The Black Book: John Berryman's Holocaust Requiem. In P. Coleman, P. Jack, & K. J. Richard (Eds. ), After thirty falls: new essays on John Berryman (pp. 11 -27). Amsterdam: Rodopi. Wang, H. , Hamilton, A. , Tah, J. , & Tanyer, A. (2006). Integration of building and urban n-dimensional data to support intelligent cities. In G. Carter, A. Lee & S. Wu (Eds. ), Constructing the future: n. D modelling (pp. 350371). London: Taylor & Francis Books.

2 - A full reference in the list of references/Bibliography 4 - Journal articles l l l l Article Author/s - See instructions for Books. Year of Publication – in parentheses, followed by a full stop. Title of Article - in sentence case, followed by a full stop. Journal Title - in title case and italics. The journal title is followed by a comma, Volume Number - in italics Issue Number - in parentheses, followed by a comma, Page Number/s of article, preceded by pp. (or p. if the article is only on a single page). End the reference with a full stop.

Examples l l Schmitt, N. & Schmitt, D. (1995). Vocabulary Notebooks: theoretical underpinnings and practical suggestions. ELT Journal, 49(2): 133 -43. Cameron, M. (2006). Nesting habitat of the glossy black-cockatoo in central New South Wales. Biological Conservation, 127(4), pp. 402 -410. Dawson, J. P. , Claridge, A. W. , Triggs, B. , & Paull, D. J. (2007). Diet of a native carnivore, the spotted-tailed quoll (Dasyurus maculatus), before and after an intense wildfire. Wildlife Research, 34(5), pp. 342 -351. Cox, T. (2008). Scraping sounds and disgusting noises. Applied Acoustics, 69(12), pp. 1195 -1204. doi: 10. 1016/j. apacoust. 2007. 11. 004 (Article from e-journal)

2 - A full reference in the list of references/Bibliography 5 - Conference Proceedings: Conference proceedings are the papers presented at a conference, published in book or journal form. If your source is a book, treat the paper as a chapter in a book; if your source is a journal, treat the paper as a journal article. - Paul, H. E. (2006). Computing vs. memory-based processing. In Proceedings of the International Symposium on New Horizons in Theoretical Translation Studies: 19 -20 January 2006, Department of Translation, the University of Hong Kong (pp. 65 -74). Hong Kong: Dept. of Translation, Chinese University of Hong Kong. - Bondalapati, K. , & Prasanna, V. K. (2002). Reconfigurable computing systems. Proceedings of the IEEE, 90(7), 1201 -1217. doi: 10. 1109/JPROC. 2002. 801446

2 - A full reference in the list of references/Bibliography 6 - Theses A- Hardcopies: If thesis you are referencing is in hardcopy, e. g. one you found in the Library’s Thesis Collection, puts the words Unpublished Ph. D thesis (or other award), in parentheses, after the title. - AL-Muslimawi, I. A. J. (2012). The cognate object in English and Arabic: a comparative study. (Unpublished M. A. thesis), University of Salford, Salford.

2 - A full reference in the list of references/Bibliography l Electronic thesis: If you found thesis online (for example, in an institutional repository) treat it as a hardcopy thesis, but leave out the word ‘unpublished’, and include the DOI or full URL for thesis. PAul, T. (2008). Barriers to successful application of information technology in Botswana. (Ph. D thesis), University of Salford, Salford. Retrieved from http: //usir. salford. ac. uk/1735/

2 - A full reference in the list of references/Bibliography 7 - Web pages: l l l Author/s - person or organisation (if known). Follow instructions for Books. Year - last update or copyright date (if known), enclosed in parentheses and followed by a full stop. If the date is not known, use (n. d. ) Title – in normal font, followed by a full stop. Access Date – if the information is from a web source that is likely to change (for example a webpage in HTML that may be updated) include the date the information was accessed, preceded by the word ‘Retrieved’ followed by a comma. You do not need an access date for a document in a permanent form, such as PDF. URL - URL of webpage, preceded by the word ‘from’.

Examples l l l United States Geological Survey. (2006). National elevation dataset. Retrieved 15 August, 2010, from http: //ned. usgs. gov/ High-resolution cosmic string simulations. (n. d. ). Retrieved 15 February, 2011, from http: //www. damtp. cam. ac. uk/research/gr/public/cs_evol. htm International Union for Conservation of Nature. (2010). Species of the day: northern hairy-nosed wombat. Retrieved from http: //www. iucnredlist. org/sotdfiles/lasiorhinus-krefftii. pdf

2 - A full reference in the list of references/Bibliography 8 - Wiki entries: l l l l Author/s – if authors are listed, follow instructions for Books. Most wikis do not list authors, in which case, start your entry with the entry title. Entry title – in sentence case and normal font. Year - last update or copyright date (if known), enclosed in parentheses and followed by a full stop. If the date is not known, use (n. d. ) Wiki title – in title case and italics. Access Date – wikis are updated frequently, so you must include the date you accessed the information. Precede by the word ‘Retrieved’ followed by a comma. URL - URL of entry, preceded by the word ‘from’.

Examples l l Tiger quoll. (2011). Wikipedia. Retrieved 17 May 2011, from http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Spotted-tailed_Quoll Digital dark ages (2008). LISWiki. Retrieved 17 May 2011, from http: //liswiki. org/wiki/Digital_Dark_Ages

References l University of Bristol. (2015). A Guide to Referencing Academic Work. Retrieved 3 May, 2015, from http: //www. bristol. ac. uk/arts/exercises/referencing/refer encing%20 skills/page_05. htm l University of Salford. (2015). Referencing Guide: APA (Harvard) Style. Retrieved 3 May, 2015 from http: //www. salford. ac. uk/library/help/userguides/general/Bibliographic-Citations-APA-6 th. Harvard-Feb 14. pdf

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