How long is the lactation period Calving interval

How long is the lactation period? 乳牛的一生

繁殖指數 • 胎距（Calving interval）：指兩次分娩的間隔。 Calving interval

子宮的腫瘤 Leiomyosarcoma Lymphosarcoma

Hydrosalpinx salpingitis oviduct stenosis

卵巢囊腫 • • 濾泡囊腫（follicular cyst） 黃體囊腫（luteinized cyst, luteal cyst） 囊腫性黃體（cystic corpora lutea） 小濾泡性退行性囊腫（degeneration of small cysts）

Follicular growth Degeneration of small cysts Follicular cyst Ovulation Luteal cyst CL formation Cystic CL

濾泡囊腫 • 發生濾泡囊腫的直接 原因為LH分泌的量不 足，或是LH的潮放時 Factors genetic high lactation 間不對，導致濾泡持 age 續生長而無法及時排卵。estrogen in feed Hypothalamus Anterior pituitary Inadequate for ovulation Ovulation failure Follicular or luteal cyst Nymphomania Cystic ovary Anestrus

濾泡囊腫之治療原理 Gn. RH Hypothalamus Regulation of estrus cycle Hypophyse LH 刺激濾泡排卵 Progesterone or 囊腫黃體化 or 囊腫破裂排卵

濾泡囊腫治療之監控 Sampling time PGF 2 inj. AI Gn. RH inj.

Progesterone陰道塞劑

Hydrometra 濾泡囊腫併發症 Endometritis

Sampling time 黃體囊腫治療之監控 PGF 2 inj. AI

各種卵巢疾病的監控 Persistent CL or luteal cyst Sampling time Normal cycle Ovarian atrophy or follicular cyst

Sampling time Sampling time Sampling time 鈍性發情的監控 Normal cycle

直腸檢查的判定 • Uterus horns’ width: Finger width, Symmetric/Asymmetric • Tonus: -: absent +: moderate ++: good 2 F/+/ip, +++: very good RO: 3/2. 5/2, 1 cm F • Position: in pelvic LO: 3. 5/3/2. 5, 2. 5 cm CL before pelvic in abdomen

• a 4 year-old Holstein cow (3 parities) • AI 45 days ago • Retal palpation: - Asymmetric/+/ip, slipping test “+” RO 5/5/4, 4 cm F LO 3/2. 5, 2. 5 cm CL • Diagnosis?

What is your diagnosis? • 2 F/+++/ip, RO: 3/2/1, 0. 5 cm CL. R LO: 3/2. 5/2, 1. 5 cm F(hard) • 2 F/+/ip, RO: 3. 5/3/2. 5, 2. 5 cm CL LO: 3/2/2, 1. 5 cm. F

What is your diagnosis? • 2 F/++/ip, RO: 5/4/3. 5, 3. 5 cm F LO: 4/3/3, 2. 5 cm F • 2 F/+-/bp, RO: 2/1. 5/1, NF LO: 2/1/1, NF

排卵障礙 Ovulatory defect Delayed ovulation Anovulation Follicular regression and atresia Luteinization of follicle with subsequent regression Continued follicular growth and cyst formation

母牛的熱調節 Environment Radiation Conduction Convection Evaporation Radiation Conduction Convection Heat gain Metabolism Maintenance Exercise Growth Lactation Gestation Feeding Cows Heat loss Metabolism Milk removal Fecal elimination Urinary elimination

環境溫度與子宮溫度的關係 Uterine temperature Air temperature Thatcher & Roman. Ponce, 1980

Body Condition Score

This cow is emaciated. The ends of the short ribs are sharp and give a prominent shelf-like appearance to the loin. The individual vertebrae (spinous processes) of the backbone are prominent. The hook and pin bones are sharply defined. The thighs are sunken and in-curving. The anal area has receded and the vulva appears prominent.

This cow is thin. The ends of the short ribs can be felt but the individual vertebrae are less visibly prominent. The short ribs do not form an obvious shelf effect. The hook and pin bones are prominent but the depression of the thighs is less severe. The area around the anus is less sunken and the vulva less prominent.

A cow in average body condition. The short ribs can be felt by applying slight pressure. The overhanging shelf-like appearance of these bones is gone. The backbone is a rounded ridge and hook and pin bones are round and smoothed over. The anal area is filled out but there is no evidence of fat deposit.

A cow in heavy condition. The region of short ribs is rounded over with no shelf effect. The ridge of the backbone is flattening over the loin and rump areas and rounded over the chine. The hook bones are smoothed over and the span between the hook bones over the backbone is flat. The area around the pin bones is beginning to show patches of fat deposit.

A fat cow. The bone structure of the topline, hook and pin bones and the short ribs is not visible. Fat deposits around the tailbone and over the ribs are obvious. The thighs curve out, the brisket and flanks are heavy and the chine very round.

Body Condition Score

使用PGF 2α縮短動情週期(誘導發情) Corpus luteum/ progesterone Onset of estrus Ovulation Normal estrus cycle PGF 2 injection Onset of estrus Ovulation Shorten estrus cycle with PGF 2

w 96 j 0 Thanks for your attention!!