How does your book describe the daily life

How does your book describe the daily life of the vast majority of Europeans before about 1750?

n What was the Industrial Revolution?

The Industrial Revolution

Why is it called a Revolution? n n n It transformed the nature of work It changed the concept of time and humans’ relation to the natural world It radically altered the institutions of society: schools, transportation, families, social classes, work It gave rise to social conflicts and philosophies that would profoundly affect world history: communism, fascism, and Social Darwinism Most of all, it would radically alter the environment and the climate

It gave rise to a new era n n n “machine era”: fossil fuels replaced wind, wood, and muscle as a fuel source; machines replaced human and animal force Enormous productivity; industrial production in Britain increased 50 times (5, 000%!) between 1750 and 1900 “The Industrial Age” replaced the Agricultural Age after 12, 000 years

This required a lot of energy n 2, 000 Kcals recommended daily calorie intake n 3, 000 Kcals: daily amount of calories controlled by an individual in the foraging age 200, 00012, 000 years ago n 12, 000 Kcals: daily amount controlled by a person in the agricultural age 12, 000 -250 years ago n 230, 000 Kcals: daily amount controlled by a person today n

exajoule is equal to one quintillion (1018) joules

Global CO 2 emissions

Beginnings of industrial development in England in the mid-1700 s

Why Britain? 1. political stability 2. economic stability 3. population growth (provided workers) 4. near to the sea, and inland transportation was easy-not many mountains, lots of rivers 5. business-friendly government 6. easy access to fuel and raw materials 7. Britain was wealthy. It had money from colonies and banking structure to fund new businesses

Before the Industrial Revolution, Britain was mostly a nation of small farmers

Then in the 1700 s came the “Enclosure Acts”, which threw small farmers off their land

This led to an “Agricultural Revolution” Large farmers could now experiment with new farming methods Major innovation: The seed drill

The seed drill was developed by Jethro Tull n https: //www. you tube. com/watch ? v=g. Wubhw 8 So BE

OK, seriously, it was this guy

Led to higher output, fewer workers, larger profits

Progression of Production n Cottage industries- people working by hand in homes Mills- small factories powered by water 10, 000 mills in Britain on the eve of the Industrial Revolution Factories powered by steam engines

Inventions in textile production… n n n Flying Shuttle – John Kay 1733 Spinning wheel/spinning jenny – James Hargraves 1764 Water frame for spinning – James Arkwright

The big invention: Steam engine n n Once designed (James Watt), no need to place factories near water Change in location, change in dynamics of mill cities

The new factories

Fuel for the new factories…

Coal mine 1830 to 1850: British coal production doubled Britain produced nearly 10 times as much coal as the next largest European producer (Belgium)

Importance of Railroads n n n Provided new jobs Large amounts of goods could be transported further and faster More efficient

Changing countryside “…the fine soot or blacks darken the day, give white sheep the color of black sheep, discolor the human saliva, contaminate the air, poison many plants, and corrode monuments and buildings. ”

Industrial Staffordshire

n n You will receive predetermined # of Starbursts Play Rock Paper Scissors (one piece at a time) You MUST keep playing If you run out of Starbursts, you will need to “borrow” them from the Bank, but you must repay them at a rate of 2 for each one you borrowed.

Changes in the workforce Power loom. Women replace men as weavers Children go to work in factories

Child labor in the 19 th Century n n With the rise of factories, there were no laws governing work requirements for children Children under 10 often worked 14 hours a day for a penny an hour.

n n n Children could be more easily disciplined Could fit in places adults couldn’t Were paid less.

Child factory workers: scavengers Job description n It was the job of the scavenger to pick up loose cotton from under the machinery. n Unfortunately, they had to do this while the machine was still working.

Child factory workers: Piecers n n Piecers had to lean over the machine and repair any threads that broke during the manufacturing process and thus might cause a production delay. Piecers walked 20 miles a day!

Social Impact – Urban Slums 1800 to 1850, London adds 1. 5 million people; Glasgow’s population increases 500%; Leeds goes from 53, 000 to 721, 000

Early-19 c London by Gustave Dore

Factory Workers at Home

Social impact: families In one slum in London in 1847, 461 people lived in just 12 houses

Social Impacts: Accidents and Deformities

Accidents n n n Frequent and horrific. Workers were not compensated and were abandoned immediately. Hospitals saw thousands of injuries and visitors to England were appalled at the sight of legless and armless people in the streets

Accident Account n (1) Dr. Ward from Manchester was interviewed about the health of textile workers on 25 th March, 1819. When I was a surgeon in the infirmary, accidents were very often admitted to the infirmary, through the children's hands and arms having being caught in the machinery; in many instances the muscles, and the skin is stripped down to the bone, and in some instances a finger or two might be lost. Last summer I visited Lever Street School. The number of children at that time in the school, who were employed in factories, was 106. The number of children who had received injuries from the machinery amounted to very nearly one half. There were forty-seven injured in this way.

First hand account of the work of scavengers n n (1) John Brown wrote about Robert Blincoe's experiences in a textile mill in an article for The Lion newspaper (15 th January 1828) The task first allocated to Robert Blincoe was to pick up the loose cotton that fell upon the floor. Apparently, nothing could be easier. . . although he was much terrified by the whirling motion and noise of the machinery. He also disliked the dust and the flue with which he was half suffocated. He soon felt sick, and by constantly stooping, his back ached. Blincoe, therefore, took the liberty to sit down; but this, he soon found, was strictly forbidden in cotton mills. His overlooker, Mr. Smith, told him he must keep on his legs.

And another more violent tale n n (2) Frances Trollope, Michael Armstrong, the Factory Boy(1840) A little girl about seven years old, whose job as scavenger, was to collect incessantly from the factory floor, the flying fragments of cotton that might impede the work. . . while the hissing machinery passed over her, and when this is skillfully done, and the head, body, and the outstretched limbs carefully glued to the floor, the steady moving, but threatening mass, may pass and repass over the dizzy head and trembling body without touching it. But accidents frequently occur; and many are the flaxen locks, rudely torn from infant heads, in the process.

Social Impact: Disease

. n The low houses are all huddled together in close and dark lanes and alleys, presenting at first sight an appearance of nonhabitation, so dilapidated are the doors and windows: - in every room of the houses, whole families, parents, children and aged grandfathers swarm together

n. The Silent Highwayman - 1858

What are the conditions you see in this picture that would contribute to the spread of cholera and other diseases ?

Cholera is still a problem today

“Upstairs”/“Downstairs” Life

Factory Wages in Lancashire, 1830 Age of Worker Male Wages Female Wages under 11 2 s 3 d. 2 s. 4 d. 11 - 16 4 s. 1 d. 4 s. 3 d. 17 - 21 10 s. 2 d. 7 s. 3 d. 22 - 26 17 s. 2 d. 8 s. 5 d. 27 - 31 20 s. 4 d. 8 s. 7 d. 32 - 36 22 s. 8 d. 8 s. 9 d. 37 - 41 21 s. 7 d. 9 s. 8 d. 42 - 46 20 s. 3 d. 9 s. 3 d. 47 - 51 16 s. 7 d. 8 s. 10 d. 52 - 56 16 s. 4 d. 8 s. 4 d. 57 - 61 13 s. 6 d. 6 s. 4 d.

Irish swell workforce in Britain in the 1840 s and 1850 s n Potato famine in Ireland 1846 -1850. A million die (out of 8 million) Hundreds of thousands more emigrate to England, the U. S. , and Canada.

n Responses to the dislocation and suffering caused by the Industrial Revolution

Private Charities: Soup Kitchens

Private Charities: The “Lady Bountifuls”

n Based on the “Urban Game” that you “played” on Friday, what did you learn about the process of industrialization. n Orderly or chaotic? Planned or haphazard?

Workers react: labor unrest

Luddites 1811 -1816, smashed machines, attacked mill owners

Luddites n n n Driven by high food prices Economic turmoil caused by Napoleonic Wars and disruption of trade Loss of control over wages/prices

Lord Byron’s Speech on The Frame Breaking Act of 1812 n “When we are told that these men are leagued together, not only for the destruction of their own comfort, but of their very ' means of subsistence, can we forget that it is the bitter policy, the destructive warfare, of the last eighteen years, which has destroyed their comfort, your comfort, all men's comfort…These men never destroyed their looms till they were become useless, worse than useless; till they were become actual impediments to their exertions in obtaining their daily bread. …new capital punishments must be devised, new snares of death must be spread, for the wretched mechanic who is famished into guilt. These men were willing to dig, but the spade was in other hands; they were not ashamed to beg, but there was none to relieve them. Their own means of subsistence were cut off; all other employments pre-occupied; and their excesses, however to be deplored and condemned, can hardly be the subject of surprise. ”

Peterloo Massacre, 1819 British Soldiers attack 60, 000 British workers and reformers in Manchester: 18 dead, hundreds wounded Let us die like men, and not be sold like slaves!

Causes of the Peterloo Demonstration n Decline in wages (weavers’ wages had declined from 15 shillings per week in 1803 to 5 shillings) Hunger due in part to the high price of grain caused by high tariffs (Corn Laws) Lack of political rights (only 2 percent of the population--those with property— could vote)

The Chartists Radical campaign for Parliamentary reform of the inequalities 1830 -1850. Votes for all men. Abolition of the requirement that Members of Parliament [MPs] be property owners. × Payment for Members of Parliament. × Annual general elections. × The secret ballot. × ×

British Reform Bills

Industrialization: Europe lags behind Britain because of Napoleon’s Continental System n Napoleon’s blockade of Britain backfires and blocks the transfer of technology from Britain to the continent, holding back industry

1789 -1815: turmoil of French Revolution and Napoleonic Wars also impedes industrialization: trade and communication disrupted, bad investment climate

But…some British are willing to smuggle technology into Europe British smugglers bring industrial technology into the U. S. and Belgium

Industrial Revolution spreads to continent of Europe Belgium deposits of iron ore and good waterways Germany pockets of industry, with the coal rich Ruhr Valley being connected to other places by railroads By 1830 France has Industrialized enough that there is an industrial proletariat (you should know that

By 1850: Zones of Industrialization on the European Continent ù ù ù Northeast France. Belgium. The Netherlands. Western German states. Northern Italy East Germany Saxony

Railroads on the Continent

Share of World Manufacturing In 1750 these nations accounted for barely 20% of the world’s manufacturing; by 1900 that figure had grown to about 80%

COMMIES! n “To each according to his need, from each according to his ability”

Commies!

Commies have gotten a bad rap so let’s look at the ideas behind communism

The Socialists: Utopians & Marxists × People as a society would operate and own the means of production, not individuals. × Their goal was a society that benefited everyone, not just a rich, well-connected few. × Tried to build perfect communities [utopias].

The Founders of Modern Communism Friedrich Engels Karl Marx Famous works n n The Communist Manifesto, 1848 The Condition of the Working Class in England in 1844

Labor vs Capital

Marx: capitalists v. workers n n According to Marx, society is divided into classes. A class is defined by the relations of its members to the “means of production. ” capitalists=bourgeoisie middle class=petit bourgeoisie workers=proletariat `

Marxism: “Class Struggle” n n n Marx proclaimed that history is the result of conflict among economic/social classes. Under capitalism the conflict is between owners (the bourgeoisie) and the workers (proletariat). This what he called “class struggle. ” To increase profits and survive competition, capitalists are driven to force wages down. Profit (surplus value) is the difference between what the worker is paid and the price for which the product is sold. Workers have no control over their labor or what they produce.

Marxism: “Class Struggle” n n When wages are pushed down, then workers do not have enough money to buy what is produced. This leads to overproduction which leads to layoffs, which leads to more wage reductions and the cycle continues. The result is economic depression This leads to conflict between the workers and owners.

Capitalism, Socialism, and Communism n n n are ALL ECONOMIC systems, not political systems. In other words, you can have democracy with capitalism, socialism (social democracies), or communism You can have authoritarian/autocratic governments (dictatorships) with either capitalism (fascism) or socialism/communism

Socialism to Communism n n Marx saw socialism as a step on the road to communism: 1. complete abolition of private property 2. a society with no economic classes 3. workers (the proletariat) control the means of production 4. there is complete equality

Communism’s roots in the Enlightenment n n Rousseau The idea of citizen identity being more important that an individual identity (general will v. individual will)

n n https: //www. investopedia. com/video/play/ difference-between-communism-andsocialism/ https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=Jp. Vv 4 9 v 8 BLQ

Communism n Communism or Marxism gained a large following and by the 1900 s had become a major force on the world stage

n By Horace Vernet - The French revolution of 1848, Public Domain, https: //commons. wikimedia. org/w/index. php? curid=71217

19 th Century Rebellion Groups n n n n France 1830 Rebellion: Giancarlo, Faye, James, Fadel Poland 1830 Rebellion: Sarah, Jackson, Donby, Shelby Italy 1830 Rebellion: Emilio, Eduardo, Ben, Oana Belgium 1830 Rebellion: Brian Chu, Elliot, Ridge, Chris France 1848 : Maddy, Abby, Mason, Roy Hungary 1848: Kyle, Halle, Hayley, Rose Italy 1848: Drew, Bryan, Marcos, Sara France 1871 (Paris Commune): Natalie, Max, Nanami

Paris Commune 1871: first communist revolt

20, 000 Communards killed during the “Semaine sanglante” (bloody week, March 21 -28, 1871)

Government Response k k Abolition of slavery in the colonies in 1832 [to raise wages in Britain]. Sadler Commission to look into working conditions § Factory Act [1833] – child labor. k New Poor Law [1834] – indoor relief. § Poor houses. k Reform Bill [1832] – broadens the vote for the cities.