HOW DO WE EXPLORE The OCEAN Edmund Halley

HOW DO WE EXPLORE The OCEAN?

Edmund Halley Diving Chamber – late 1600’s

Later water suits

First compressor

Diving helmets

Bathysphere • 1934 • William Beebe/Otis Barton • Descended 3 000 ft off Bermuda • Vivid descriptions of sea life in its environment • 1 person • Connected to vessel

1943 Cousteau/Gagnon- SCUBA suit

Bathyscaphe • 1960 • August/Jacques Picard • Descent to 35 000 + ft to Challenger Deep in Marianas Trench • Ship called TRIESTE • 5 hrs down, 20 min at, 4 hrs up

Dr. Sylvia Earle • 1979 , broke record for deepest person dive 1250 ft • JIM suit • Started 2 companies that manufacture underwater exploration vehicles • In James Bond movie

ALVIN- Submersible • • In operation since 1964 3 people To depth of 14 000 ft Discovered first hydrothermal vents, human artifacts

Pros and Cons of Submersibles • Pros – Allows direct observation – Able to operate independent of surface ship – Can explore small features – Can remain stationary with relative ease • Cons – Dependence on surface ship to carry or tow them to site – Small crew – Cramped and uncomfortable – Not a very large range

JASON - ROV • 1988 • Studied Gulf of California and filmed Titanic

Little Hercules- R. O. V.

SEIRIOS Camera Sled

• Hercules hovering near stern of Titanic Jason Jr. peers into a window of Titanic

Jason – ROV that was paired with Alvin in initial exploration of Titanic Jason being deployed from side of ship

Satellites • In orbit around Earth • Study Sea Surface height and temperature, presence of plankton, water cycle, • TOPEX Poseidon, SEASTAR, AQUA, SARSAT

S. O. N. A. R • A system using acoustic signals and returned echoes to locate objects, communicate or map the features of the sea floor • SOund Navigation And Ranging • Sound waves travel 1 500 m/s

Oceanographic Institutes • Scripps Institute Of Oceanography, La Jolla , CA, 1912 • Wood Hole Oceanographic Institute, Cape Cod , MA , 1930 (M. I. T. ) • Lamont-Doherty Geologic Observatory, New York , 1949, Columbia U.

Government Institutions • N. O. A. A. – National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

Match the word on the left to the phrase on the right • • SCUBA Bathysphere Nansen bottle Drift bottle Grab bucket Plankton tow net bathyscaphe • Clam shaped, pick up apparatus • 2 long , slim bottle • Allows diver to move freely and breathe • Round vessel, holds 1 person, tethered • Cone shaped bag, catches organisms • Fat sub, holds 2, not tethered • Closed, waterproof container

Match the word on the left to the phrase on the right Grab bucket Nansen bottle SCUBA Bathysphere • Clam shaped, pick up • 2 long , slim bottle • Allows diver to move freely and breathe • Round vessel, holds 1 person, tethered • Plankton tow net • Cone shaped bag, catches organisms • Fat sub, holds 2, not tethered • Bathyscaphe • Closed, waterproof container • • • Drift bottle