How do we explain and apply theory to
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How do we explain and apply theory to Social Phenomena Paper Due Today Collect at the end of the band Theory Discussed and applied Begin Film today 3/8 Exam One Chapter 1, 4, 7 25 Match up terms 25 Multiple Choice Review Self Quiz in the back of each chapter 3/12 Complete Film We need to Talk about Kevin 3/19 Seminar Families , Guided Questions and paper due your evaluation of “motherhood” We need to talk about Kevin 4/5 Amusing the Millions Seminar Guided Questions due , Use to discuss in Seminar your analysis of Coney Island 4/9 Women and Economics Due Answer the questions in details 4/16 Begin Era Presentations : Choose a group of 3 -4 Choose an era 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, One Era per group Remit your groups names and eras to me by Friday 3/8 for approval Directions will follow
Conflict Theory How do we explain social phenomena?
Conflict theory vs Marxism Conflict theory: power is the core of ALL social relationships l Marxism: much like conflict theory but power is gained through economics l l Characterized by an economic struggle between the haves and have-nots. l Your examples :
Conflict Theory l Alternative to functionalism l Macrosociological theoretical perspective l Resentment and hostility are constant elements of society l Power differences among social classes l Special interest groups fight over scarce resources of society l Interest groups fight to gain advantages over others l Give an example
Conflict Theory (Cont’d) Competition puts society off-balance until dominant group gains control and stability through power l How is theory expressed in politics? l Sex roles, sports, business l
Influences l Karl Marx (1818 -1883) l Humanist: wanted all individuals to reach their full human potential l Believed humans make their own history (historical method) l Controlling material production division of labor formation of economic social classes Class struggle l Trying to combine material and ideal factors/ structural and cultural factors
Marx (cont’d) l 1. 2. Society was a two-class system: Bourgeoisie (owners of the means of production) Proletariat (workers)
Marx (cont’d) Class differences have a lot to do with possession of personal property l Believed the exploited would become conscious and unite communism elimination of class struggle l Main ideas behind communism are stated in the communist manifesto l
Max Weber (1864 -1920) l l Agreed with Marx (economics played a central role in power distinction). Believed in Two other factors: 1. Social prestige (status) l 2. Example: someone could be poor and still hold a lot of power because of social prestige Mother Theresa Political influence l Example: Politician who has great power, but does not earn a big salary
Max Weber (cont’d) l l Weber defined power as “the ability to impose one’s will on another, even when the other objects” (p. 72 CST) Authority: legitimate power; used with consent of the ruled Distribution of power and authority = basis of social conflict HOWEVER: if subordinates believe in the authority= avoided conflict l l If authority is not recognized as a legitimate= conflict Give an example:
Max Weber (cont’d) l l l People with power want to keep it People w/out power want to seek it 3 types of authority: 1. 2. 3. 4. Rational-legal Traditional Charismatic Give examples of people who have gained power, keep power through the types of authority listed above
Your activity Based on the different sociological perspectives/theory l Apply a theory to the hypothetical and explain why your group used that perspective. l l Make a hypothetical : choose a theory to explain.
Begin Film We need to Talk about Kevin l Guided questions: on Line and hard copy remitted l Paper due 3/19 Seminar on families l Read Chapter 14 by that date, discuss film l How does “the family” influence who we are? l
Georg Simmel (1858 -1918) l Wanted to develop a mathematics of society l Collection of statements about human relationships and social behavior Disagreed with Marx that social classes are formed horizontally l There are differences in power and opinions within each group. l
Georg Simmel (1858 -1918) l Concepts and contributions: l Rejects organic theory l Saw society as the sum of individual interaction l The most important relationship is between leaders and followers, superior and subordinates l Superiordinate relationship and subordinate have a reciprocal
Georg Simmel (1858 -1918) Believed social action always involves harmony and conflict, love and hatred (p. 74) l Secrecy: people who hold secrets are in a position of power. l Some groups are formed around secrets and are known as secret societies l l are usually in conflict with the greater society l Initiation creates hierarchy
Modern Conflict Theory l 1. 2. Ideas of Marx, Weber, and Simmel resurfaced in America in the 1950’s through two German Sociologists: Lewis Coser Ralph Dahrendorf
Lewis Coser (1913 -2003) Defined conflict as “a struggle over values and claims to scarce status, power and resources in which the aims of the opponents are to neutralize, injure, or eliminate their rivals. ” l Conflicts between intergroups and intragroups are part of social life l
Lewis Coser (1913 -2003) l l 1. 2. 3. Conflict is part of relationships and is not necessarily a sign of instability Conflict serves several functions: Leads to social change Can stimulate innovation During times of war threat, can increase central power
Lewis Coser (1913 -2003) l l Explored sixteen propositions of conflict through functions Thought that conflict= boundaries between different groups unity between individual members of that group and determines boundaries of power
Ralf Dahrendorf (1929 - ) Social order is maintained by force from the top l Tension is constant l Extreme social change can happen at any time l “there cannot be conflict unless some degreee of consensus has already been established” (p. 89) l Once reached, conflict temporarily disappears l
C. Wright Mills (1916 -1962) Work centered around power l Several dimensions of inequality (like Weber) l Power can be independent from economic class l Version of conflict theory-closer to Weber’s than Marx l
C. Wright Mills (1916 -1962) l l 1. 2. 3. l Concept of power elite, rather than ruling class=difference between Marx and Mills There is a triangle of power: Military Industry Politics White-collar world kept power elite on top
C. Wright Mills (1916 -1962) There are three types of power: 1. Authority: power justified by the beliefs of the voluntarily obedient 2. Manipulation: power wielded unknown to the powerless 3. Coercion: the “final” form of power, where the powerless are forced to obey the powerful l
Randall Collins (1941 - ) “power and status are fundamental relational dimensions at the micro level of social interaction and perhaps at the macro level as well” (p. 96) l Collins believes there are certain goods that every group wants to pursue l l Wealth, l power, and prestige “Concluded that coercion and the ability to “force” others to behave a certain way are the primary basis of conflict” (p. 96)
Randall Collins (1941 - ) l Had a stratified approach to conflict that had 3 basic principles and 5 principles of conflict analysis Individual actions Social Structure
Relevancy Maintains that what social order does, is the result of power elites’ coercion of masses l Those without power seek social change l Two class system by Marx l Contemporary conflict theorists don’t limit power to just economics, but also look at other issues l
Relevancy (cont’d) l 1. 2. 3. Three criticisms of conflict theory: Ignores other ways (i. e. non-forceful ways in which people reach agreements Sides with people who lack power Focuses on economic factors as the sole issue for all conflict in society l This primarily is for Marx’s approach
Relevancy (cont’d) Differences in power are in all types of interaction l Power used to be physical, but now, it’s legal and economic l
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