How do individuals and groups with different genes

How do individuals and groups with different genes arise? Exams returned W 2/18? Bonuses

How do individuals and groups with different genes arise? Evolution… Does it occur? How does it occur?

Fig 15. 3 Information flow in cells Protein

Genotype Phenotype Genes code for proteins (or RNA). These gene products give rise to traits… It is rarely this simple.

Fig 12. 3 As organisms reproduce the DNA is passed on to the next generations.

DNA is replicated semi-conservatively See Fig 14. 10

When DNA is replicated, mutations can occur.

Fig 12. 3 DNA must be replicated before it can be passed on. How it is passed on and how it gets modified impacts evolution.

Mutations: Sickle-cell anemia Fig 16. 21

Fig 16. 21 Differences in amino acid sequence lead to differences in 3 -D shape and different functionalities

Correlation of malaria and sickle-cell anemia

How do individuals and groups with different genes arise? Evolution… Does it occur? How does it occur?

Does evolution occur?

As DNA changes; traits change. Protein

Evolution: A species’ genetic component changes as the individuals reproduce.

Evolution: A species’ genetic component changes as the individuals reproduce. These changes are based on how the DNA changes and who reproduces.

Evolution: changes in DNA as information transmitted O O O O Fig 24. 11 Bacteria with mutation causing resistance O O O

Evolution: changes in DNA as information transmitted O O O O Fig 24. 11 Bacteria with mutation causing resistance O O O X X X X X Apply antibiotic O O O Kills most bacteria. Except if some have mutation that allow them to be resistant.

Evolution: changes in DNA as information transmitted O O O O Fig 24. 11 Bacteria with mutation causing resistance O O O Apply antibiotic X X X X X O O O Kills most bacteria. Except if some have mutation that allow them to be resistant. Continues to replicate

Evolution: changes in DNA as information transmitted O O O O Fig 24. 11 Bacteria with mutation causing resistance O O O Apply antibiotic Continues to replicate X X X X X O O O O Kills most bacteria. Except if some have mutation that allow them to be resistant. O O O O O Population of resistant bacteria

Evolution can occur via several processes. One common process is Natural Selection: Individuals that are most successful at reproducing will pass on more of their genetic information.

Reproductive success = Evolutionary success

Reproductive success = Evolutionary success www. jayhosler. com

Reproductive success = evolutionary success

Are genes the only replicators?

Memes: transmissible ideas • Ideas can act similarly to genes – Contain information – Replicate with imperfect fidelity

Mutations

Memes: transmissible ideas • Ideas can act similarly to genes or viruses – Contain information – Replicate with imperfect fidelity

Memes: transmissible ideas • Ideas can act similarly to genes or viruses – Contain information – Replicate with imperfect fidelity Evolve: most successful replicators become most abundant

Contrasts between memes and genes Genes Memes • Slow replication • Rapid replication • High copy fidelity • Low copy fidelity • Universal in organisms • Limited to some organisms – Only humans can transmit complex memes?

Evolution of memes and genes Selection of memes and genes can be at odds Nv. N chpt 8

Humans can pass on genes and/or memes

*This was not presented in the 11 am class* Do other animals have culture? In rats http: //salmon. psy. plym. ac. uk/year 3/PSY 339 Evolutionary. Psychology/Evolutionary. Psychology. htm

*This video wasnot presented in lecture, it is about teaching/learning in chimps* Do other animals have culture? http: //www. pbs. org/saf/1504/video/watchonline. htm

Do memes make humans unique?

Evolution: A species’ genetic component changes as the individuals reproduce. These changes are based on how the DNA changes and who reproduces.

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