How do Autotrophs make energy Photosynthesis making food

How do Autotrophs make energy? Photosynthesis = making food from light • Plants, algae, some bacteria Chemosynthesis = making food from chemicals • Bacteria in deep ocean

Consumers • Consumers are heterotrophs: • Hetero = other • Troph = Feeder • Get energy and carbon from organic sources • Carnivores, herbivores, omnivores, scavengers, decomposers and detritivores

3. 3 Food Chains • One-way chain of relationships between producers and consumers • Starts with a Primary Producer, then First, Second, Third (tertiary) and Fourthlevel consumers • Arrows point toward the “eater”

Food Webs • More complex set of relationships • Includes all interdependent individuals in an ecosystem • Arrows point toward the “eater” still, but there may be multiple arrows from each item Phytoplankton!

Disturbances to food webs

Trophic Levels and Pyramids • A trophic level is any step in a food chain or food web • Ecological pyramids take these steps and compare the relative amounts of individuals by mass, numbers or energy at each level

Energy Efficiency • Only around 10 % of the energy in tissues of organisms at one trophic level ends up in tissues of those at the next trophic level • Some energy is lost as heat • Some biomass is not digested • Efficiency of transfers tends to be greatest in aquatic systems

Pyramids of energy • represent the loss of energy from a food chain • how much energy is turned into biomass 2004 -2005

Implications • Dynamics of energy through ecosystems have important implications for human populations • what food would be more ecologically sound? 2004 -2005

3. 4 Biogeochemical Cycles Show cycles of nutrients (H, O, C, N, P)between air, water, rock and living reservoirs

Law of Conservation of Matter Antoine Lavoisier (1743 -1794) French Chemist and Nobleman “Matter cannot be created or destroyed, but can change form. In a closed system, the amount of matter must remain constant over time. ” Earth is a closed system, so all matter must cycle over time. Where does it all go? !?

Limiting Nutrients

The Water Cycle (H and O) • Evaporation • Transpiration • Condensation • Precipitation • Runoff • Groundwater • Uptake by living things (Biomass) • Wastewater • Filtering of wastewater by bacteria and plants

Environmental Water Reservoirs

Hawaiian Islands Alaska Groundwater overdrafts: High Moderate Insignificant Significant groundwater contamination Saltwater intrusion from nearby seas Fig. 47 -13, p. 849

The Carbon Cycle (C) • • • Combustion Photosynthesis Uptake by Biomass Respiration Decomposition Fossil fuels Deforestation Greenhouse gases Sediments

Increasing Greenhouse Gases

Deviation from mean global temperature over time

The Nitrogen Cycle (N) • • • Atmospheric Nitrogen Lightning Nitrifying algae Nitrogen-fixing bacteria Uptake by biomass Synthesis of amino acids Fertilizers Runoff Algae blooms Denitrifying bacteria Decomposition

Disruptions by Human Activities • Deforestation and conversion of grassland to farmland causes nitrogen loss • Plant removal increases erosion and leaching • Synthetic ammonium fertilizers increase soil acidity and encourage ion exchange • Calcium and magnesium ions are washed away • Burning fossil fuels releases nitrogen oxides • Contribute to global warming and acid rain

The Phosphorus Cycle (P) • Uplifting of rocks • Weathering of rocks • Fertilizer • Runoff • Algae blooms • Uptake by biomass • Used for DNA • Decomposition • Sedimentary rocks • Limiting nutrient

Your Assignment: • With your table groups, make a representation of the steps of your assigned biogeochemical cycle to share on Thursday • Include ALL VOCABULARY words from the notes • Use a book, the internet and other sources to find out more about your cycle and the vocab Ideas: • • • Make art drawings or models Compose a children’s story or a mystery novel Write a news report Design a play or song to share Invent a video game or board game Film a music video, commercial or movie trailer