How did plans to unify the nation differ

How did plans to unify the nation differ after the Civil War?

Reading Guide Content Vocabulary • Reconstruction • amnesty Academic Vocabulary • radical • adjust

Reading Guide (cont. ) Key People and Events • Ten Percent Plan • Radical Republicans • Thaddeus Stevens • Wade-Davis Bill • Freedmen’s Bureau • John Wilkes Booth • Andrew Johnson

If you were President Lincoln, how would you have treated the South after it lost the Civil War? A. I would have punished the South severely. B. I would have forgiven the states and allowed them to rejoin the Union immediately. A. A B. B C. C I would have allowed the states to rejoin the Union but not given them representation in government for D. D C. I would have allowed the southern states to rejoin the Union as soon as they denounced slavery. D. a certain amount of time.

Reconstruction Debate Government leaders disagreed about how Southern states could rejoin the Union. Americans disagreed on how to go about rebuilding the Southern economy and society and how to readmit the Confederate states to the Union. the reorganization and rebuilding of the former Confederate states after the Civil War The period of rebuilding is called Reconstruction .

Reconstruction Debate (cont. )

Reconstruction Debate (cont. ) Lincoln’s Ten Percent Plan allowed Southern states to rejoin the Union after 10 percent of their voters took an oath of loyalty and adopted a new constitution that banned slavery. – Three states—Louisiana, Arkansas, and Tennessee—set up governments under the plan in 1864. Viewing Lincoln’s Funeral Train

Reconstruction Debate (cont. ) Lincoln offered amnesty to all white Southerners who would swear loyalty to the Union, except Confederate leaders. the granting of pardon to a large number of persons; protection from prosecution for an illegal act Thaddeus Stevens and others—known as the Radical Republicans—considered Lincoln’s plan too forgiving and favored a more radical approach. extreme

Reconstruction Debate (cont. ) • The Wade-Davis Bill, passed by Congress in 1864, had tougher requirements for readmission to the Union. – Lincoln refused to sign the bill. Lincoln and Congress set up the Freedmen’s Bureau to help African Americans adjust to freedom.

Which of the following was a provision of the Wade -Thomas Bill? A. African American males in a state had to swear loyalty to the Union. B. Former Confederates could not hold public office. A. A C. Confederate states could be B. B admitted to the Union even if they kept slavery. C. C D. Half of all delegates to a constitutional convention D. D had to be formerly enslaved people.

Johnson’s Plan After Lincoln was assassinated, Andrew Johnson became president and announced his plan of “Restoration. ”

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Johnson’s Plan (cont. ) • Abraham Lincoln was assassinated by Confederate sympathizer John Wilkes Booth on April 14, 1865. • Vice President Andrew Johnson became president and set up a plan for Reconstruction, called “Restoration. ” • By the end of 1865, all former Confederate states, except Texas, had new governments, ratified the Thirteenth Amendment, and were ready to rejoin the Union. Viewing Lincoln’s Funeral Train

What did the Thirteenth Amendment accomplish? A. It welcomed former Confederate states back into the Union. B. It made secession illegal. C. It pardoned Confederate leaders. D. It abolished slavery throughout the Union. A. B. C. D. A B C D

African Americans’ Rights When Northerners realized that African Americans in the South were still being mistreated, they worked to find a way to help them.

African Americans’ Rights (cont. ) Violence against African Americans in Memphis convinced Radical Republicans that Johnson’s Reconstruction plan was not strong. laws passed in the South just after the Civil War aimed at controlling freedmen and enabling plantation owners to exploit African American workers Many Southern states passed black codes to control the African American population.

African Americans’ Rights (cont. ) Congress passed the Civil Rights Act of 1866 which granted full citizenship to African Americans and gave the federal government the power to intervene in state affairs to protect their rights. – President Johnson vetoed the bill, but Republicans in Congress had enough votes to override the veto. to overturn or defeat, as a bill proposed in Congress The Fourteenth Amendment granted full citizenship to anyone born in the United States.

Radical Reconstruction Radical Republicans were able to put their version of Reconstruction into action.

Radical Reconstruction (cont. ) Congress passed a series of laws during Radical Reconstruction. – The First Reconstruction Act set up military commanders to govern 10 Southern states until new state governments were created. – The Second Reconstruction Act required the military commanders to register voters and prepare for state constitutional conventions. Military Reconstruction Districts, 1867

Radical Reconstruction (cont. ) – The Tenure of Office Act prohibited the president from removing government officials without the Senate’s approval. • In 1867, President Johnson suspended and then removed from office Secretary of War Edwin Stanton without the Senate’s approval. • The House of Representatives voted to impeach Johnson, but the Senate failed to achieve the two-thirds majority required for conviction.

Radical Reconstruction (cont. ) The election of Ulysses S. Grant as president in 1868 showed that voters supported the Republican approach to Reconstruction. The Fifteenth Amendment, ratified in 1870, prohibited the state and federal governments from denying the right to vote to any male citizen because of “race, color, or previous condition of servitude. ”

Reconstruction Politics As African Americans began to take part in civic life in the South, they faced resistance, including violence, from whites.

Reconstruction Politics (cont. ) Though they did not control any state government, African Americans were elected to public office and played an important role in Reconstruction politics. Hiram Revels was elected to the U. S. Senate in 1870. – Blanche K. Bruce, a former escaped slave, was elected to the U. S. Senate in 1874.

Reconstruction Politics (cont. ) Between 1869 and 1880, 16 African Americans served in the House of Representatives. Southerners who supported the Republicans were called scalawags by former Confederates. Northerners who moved South after the carpetbaggers. war were known as carpetbaggers Many Southerners accused Reconstruction governments of corruption. dishonest or illegal actions

Southern whites who supported Republicans were called A. scalawags B. sharecroppers C. carpetbaggers D. freedmen A. B. C. D. A B C D

Education and Farming Education improved for both races in the South, but the sharecropping system limited economic opportunities for African Americans.

Education and Farming (cont. ) Reconstruction governments created public schools and academies for both races. A few states required that schools be integrated, but the laws were not enforced. to end separation of different races and bring into equal membership in society

Education and Farming system of farming in which a farmer works (cont. ) land for an owner who provides equipment and seeds and receives a share of the crop Sharecropping became a common form of work for African Americans, but for many, sharecropping was little better than slavery.

What was the relationship between sharecroppers and landowners? A. Landowners owned sharecroppers. B. Landowners sold small parcels of land to sharecroppers. A. A B. B C. Sharecroppers rented a parcel of land from a landowner. C. C D. Sharecroppers worked the landowner’s land for a D. D small annual salary.

The End of Reconstruction Democrats steadily regained control of Southern governments as support for Radical Reconstruction policies decreased.

The End of Reconstruction (cont. ) • During the Grant administration, Northerners began losing interest in Reconstruction. • President Grant was reelected in 1872 despite a split over corruption in the Republican Party that resulted in the creation of the Liberal Republican Party. Politics in Mississippi

The End of Reconstruction (cont. ) • Supported by Liberal Republicans, the Amnesty Act of 1872 pardoned most former Confederates and helped Democrats regain control of Southern state governments. Politics in Mississippi

The End of Reconstruction (cont. ) Republican Rutherford B. Hayes faced Democrat Samuel Tilden in the 1876 presidential race. Disputed returns kept the outcome of the election in doubt, and a special commission was set up by Congress to review the election results. Struggle of Reconstruction

The End of Reconstruction (cont. ) The Compromise of 1877 granted favors to the South in return for not fighting the commission’s decision to elect Hayes. Under Hayes, the federal government would no longer attempt to reshape Southern society. Reconstruction had come to an end. Struggle of Reconstruction

Which of the following happened during the Grant administration? A. Radical Republicans became more powerful. B. Corruption charges weakened Democrats. C. D. A. A Many Northerners began to B. B think the South should solve its own problems. C. C Most white Southerners supported Republicans. D. D

Change in the South After Reconstruction, the South experienced a political shift and industrial growth.

Change in the South (cont. ) • When Reconstruction ended, power in the South shifted to the Democrats. • Some Southerners wanted to build a “New South” with industries based on the region’s abundant coal, iron, tobacco, cotton, and lumber. Sharecropping

Change in the South (cont. ) • While agriculture remained the South’s main economic activity, industry made dramatic gains in the 1880 s. To help repay debt, Southern farmers grew farm crop raised to be sold for money cash crops; however, sharecropping and the reliance on one cash crop kept Southern agriculture from advancing. Sharecropping

To what did the term “New South” refer? A. A new era of cotton plantations B. A second civil war A. A B. B D. A new era of Southern industry C. C D. D C. A new era of racial harmony

A Divided Society As Reconstruction ended, true freedom for African Americans became a distant dream.

A Divided Society (cont. ) Southern leaders found ways to prevent African Americans from exercising their right to vote. Many Southern states required a poll tax. a tax that had to be paid before the person could vote Some states required voters to pass a literacy test before they could vote. Required voters to read and write at a specified level

A Divided Society (cont. ) – Grandfather clauses allowed white voters who could not read to vote if their fathers or grandfathers had voted before Reconstruction. the separation or isolation of a race, class, or group Segregation, enforced by Jim laws, Jim Crow laws continued to separate African Americans from whites in society.

A Divided Society (cont. ) In 1896 the Supreme Court upheld segregation laws in the case of Plessy v. Ferguson, which separate but equal ruled that “separate but equal” facilities were constitutional. Acts of violence—including lynching—against African Americans increased. putting to death a person by the illegal action of a mob

What enabled illiterate whites to vote while excluding illiterate African Americans? A. Grandfather clauses B. Jim Crow laws C. The case of Plessy v. Ferguson D. Poll taxes A. A B. B C. C D. D

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Reconstruction  the reorganization and rebuilding of the former Confederate states after the Civil War

amnesty  the granting of pardon to a large number of persons; protection from prosecution for an illegal act

radical  extreme

adjust  adapt

black codes  laws passed in the South just after the Civil War aimed at controlling freedmen and enabling plantation owners to exploit African American workers

override  to overturn or defeat, as a bill proposed in Congress

impeach  to formally charge a public official with misconduct in office

convince  to persuade (someone) that something is true

suspend  to prevent or bar from carrying out official duties

scalawags  name given by former Confederates to Southern whites who supported Republican Reconstruction of the South

carpetbagger  northerner who moved to the South after the Civil War

corruption  dishonest or illegal actions

integrate  to end separation of different races and bring into equal membership in society

sharecropping  system of farming in which a farmer works land for an owner who provides equipment and seeds and receives a share of the crop

credit  a form of loan; ability to buy goods based on future payment

academy  a private high school; school that provides specialized training

cash crop  farm crop raised to be sold for money

poll tax  a tax of a fixed amount person that had to be paid before the person could vote

literacy test  a method used to prevent African Americans from voting by requiring prospective voters to read and write at a specified level

grandfather clause  a clause that allowed individuals who did not pass the literacy test to vote if their fathers or grandfathers had voted before Reconstruction began; an exception to a law based on preexisting circumstances

segregation  the separation or isolation of a race, class, or group

lynching  putting to death a person by the illegal action of a mob

outcome  result

commission  a group of persons directed to perform some duty

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