How Congress Works Part I Whos in Congress
- Slides: 31
How Congress Works Part I
Who’s in Congress?
Demographic Profile of the 115 th Congress 1/3/17 -1/2/19 th) • 252—republican, 280 democrat, 2 ind. • 407 men 127 women • 417 white, 55 black, 44 Hispanic, 15 Asian, 4 Native American • https: //www. rollcall. com/news/hawkings/co ngress-richer-ever-mostly-top www. congress. org
Trends
House-Senate Differences House n n 435 members; 2 yr terms Low turnover Speaker bill referral hard to challenge Scheduling/rules controlled by majority party with powerful Rules Committee (controls time of debate, amends. , etc) Senate n n 100 members; 6 yr terms Moderate turnover Referral decisions easily challenged Scheduling/rules agreed to by majority & minority leaders
House-Senate Differences n n House Debate limited to 1 hour Members policy specialists Emphasizes tax & revenue policy More formal & impersonal n n Senate Unlimited debate unless cloture invoked Members policy generalists Emphasizes foreign policy More informal & personal
HOUSE LEADERSHIP Speaker (majority party) Democrats: • Majority Leader • Majority Whip • Chairman of the Caucus • Steering & Policy Committee • Congressional Campaign Committee Speaker of the House Nancy Pelosi (D-CA) Majority Whip James Clyburn (D-SC) Majority Leader Steny Hoyer (D-VA)
HOUSE LEADERSHIP Republicans: • Minority Leader • Minority Whip • Chairman of Conference • Policy Committee • Committee on Committees • National Democratic Congressional Committee • Research Committee Minority Leader Kevin Mc. Carthy (R- ) Minority Whip Steve Scalise (R- LA
SENATE LEADERSHIP President of the Senate (Vice President) President Pro Tempore (majority party) Republicans: • Majority Leader • Majority Whip • Chairman of Conference • Policy Committee • Steering Committee • Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee President of the Senate Mike Pence (R-IN) Majority Leader Mitch Mc. Connel (R-KY) President Pro Tempore Orin Hatch (R-UT) Majority Whip John Cornyn (R-TX)
SENATE LEADERSHIP Democrats: • Minority Leader • Minority Whip • Chairman of Conference • Policy Committee • Committee on Minority Whip Dick Durban (D-IL) Committees • Republican Senatorial Committee Minority Leader Charles Schumer (D-NY)
Strength of Party Structure? • Measure of party strength: 1. Ability of leaders to control party rules and organization 2. Extent to which party members vote together in the House and Senate • Senate: less party-centered and leader oriented
Party Unity • Lower today than 100 years ago, but…. . • Ideology important variable explaining party voting (members vote with their party 80% of the time) • Party polarization - vote in which majority of democrats oppose majority of republicans
CAUCUSES • Groups (may be bipartisan) meeting to pursue common legislative objectives • Rivals to parties in policy formulation • Examples: Democratic Study Group, Congressional Black Caucus, Tuesday Lunch Bunch, Human Rights, Congressional Caucus for Women’s Issues, Out of Iraq Caucus, Rural Caucus, Travel & Tourism Caucus, House Caucus on Missing and Exploited Children
"Congress in session is Congress on public exhibition, whilst Congress in its committee-rooms is - Woodrow Wilson Congress at work. ”
Legislative Committees: Function and Purpose
Legislative Committees: Function & Purpose 1. Consider bills (a. k. a. “mark-up” bills) A bill with a member’s mark-up notes
Legislative Committees: Function & Purpose 2. Maintain oversight of executive agencies Secretary Donald Rumsfeld testifies before a Senate Appropriations Committee hearing re: the Department of Defense Budget (May, 2006)
Legislative Committees: Function & Purpose 3. Conduct investigations New Orleans Mayor Ray Nagin testified before the Senate Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs Committee on Hurricane Katrina (Feb. , 2006
Types of Committees Ø Standing Committees - permanent panel with full legislative functions and oversight responsibilities • Subcommittees – formed to tackle very specific tasks within the jurisdiction of the full committees Ø Select or Special Committees - groups appointed for a limited purpose and limited duration Ø Joint Committees - includes members of both chambers to conduct studies or perform housekeeping tasks Ø Conference Committee - includes members of House & Senate to work out differences between similar bills
Standing Committees
House Standing Committees Agriculture Appropriations Armed Services Budget Education & Workforce Energy & Commerce Financial Services Government Reform House Admin. International Relations Judiciary Resources Rules Science Small Business Standards of Official Conduct Transportation & Infrastructure Veterans Affairs Ways & Means
Senate Standing Committees Agriculture, Nutrition, & Forestry Appropriations Armed Services Banking, Housing, & Urban Affairs Budget Commerce, Science, Transportation Energy & Natural Resources Environment and Public Works Finance Foreign Relations Governmental Affairs Health, Education, Labor & Pensions Judiciary Rules and Administration Small Business and Entrepreneurship Veterans Affairs
Special, Select Committees • House Select Committee on Energy Independence & Global Warming • Senate Select Committee on Ethics • House & Senate Select Committees on Intelligence Gen. Michael Hayden is sworn in during a full committee hearing of the Senate Select Intelligence Committee on his nomination to be director of the Central Intelligence Agency.
Joint Committees • Joint Economic Committee • Joint Committee on Printing • Joint Committee on Taxation hearing
Title: Resolution Date: 12/28/06 Artist: Bob Gorrell Source: http: //www. gorrellart. com/
Artist: R. J. Matson, New York Observer & Roll Call Date: 1/18/07 Source: http: //www. cagle. com
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