How Animals Move Chapter 20 Animal Movement The
- Slides: 28
How Animals Move Chapter 20
Animal Movement: The Skeletal System ● Types of Skeletons: a. Hydrostatic ■ Soft-bodied invertebrates ■ internal fluid-filled chamber that muscles exert force against internal fluid-filled chamber(s)
Animal Movement: The Skeletal System ● Types of Skeletons: b. Exoskeleton ■ Arthropods (insects, arachnids, crustaceans) ■ Hard external parts that receive the force of muscle contraction
Animal Movement: The Skeletal System ● Types of Skeletons: c. Endoskeleton ■ Echinoderms and vertebrates ■ Internal framework of hardened elements that muscles attach to and contract against
The Human Skeleton ● Flattened cranial bones surround and protect the brain
The Human Skeleton ● Vertebral column (backbone) ● 23 individual vertebrae separated by intervertebral discs ● Protects the spinal cord, which connects with the brain at an opening at the base of the skull
The Human Skeleton ● Thoracic cage has 12 pair of ribs ● Breastbone (sternum) ● Together, both protect the heart and lungs
The Human Skeleton ● Pectoral girdle made of clavicle (collarbone) and scapula (shoulder blade). ● Attaches arm to trunk of body
The Human Skeleton ● Upper arm (humerus) ● Lower arm ○ Radius (thumb side) ○ Ulna (pinky side)
The Human Skeleton ● Pelvic girdle protects organs and supports weight of the upper body. ● Bones of lower body in general are much larger than upper body because they support your body’s weight.
The Human Skeleton ● Leg ○ Thigh = femur= largest bone in the body ○ Lower leg = tibia (shin bone-larger) and fibula (smaller) ○ Patella (kneecap)
Bone Structure and Function ● Bones are organs. ● Many functions: ○ Movement ○ Protection of organs ○ Blood cell formation ○ Reservoir for calcium
Bone Structure and Function ● Two types of bone tissue: ○ Compact bone ■ Makes up the outer weightbearing part of long bones like the femur ■ Consists of many thin concentric layers of matrix surrounding a central canal where blood vessels and nerve fibers run through the bone
Bone Structure and Function ● Two types of bone tissue: ○ Spongy bone ■ Makes up the middle of the shaft and the ends of a long bone ■ Has many spaces that contain red marrow (forms blood cells) and yellow marrow (made up mostly of fat cells)
Bone Structure and Function ● Ongoing mineral deposits and removals from bone help to maintain the correct level of calcium in the blood, which is very important to nerve cell function and muscle contraction
Osteoporosis ● As people age, the rate of bone buildup slows down and bone break down speeds up, resulting in a decrease in bone density. ● Osteoporosis results when bone loss greatly outpaces bone formation. ● Osteoporosis most commonly occurs in postmenopausal women because they lack the sex hormones that encourage bone deposition. However, about 20% of osteoporosis cases occur in men.
Osteoporosis ● Risk factors: ○ Low intake of calcium ○ Smoking ○ Drinking ○ Lack of exercise ○ Too many soft drinks ○ Postmenopausal female ○ Low body weight ○ Family history
Skeletal Joints ● Fibrous -hold cranial bones together-immovable ● Cartilaginous- connect ribs to sternum-little movement ● Synovial-most common type-freely movable ○ Ligaments- connective tissue that connects bone to bone
Bone and Skeletal Muscle Interaction ● Tendons-connective tissue that connects muscle to bone ● When a muscle contracts, it transmits force to the bone to which it is attached and makes it move. ● Muscle can only PULL on bones; they cannot push. ● Therefore, muscles usually work in opposition to one another called antagonistic pairs)
Bone and Skeletal Muscle Interaction ● For example, the triceps brachii flexes the forearm, while the biceps brachii extends the forearm.
Bone and Skeletal Muscle Interaction
Skeletal Muscle Structure and Function ● Each skeletal muscle consists of bundles of muscle cells (fibers) held together by connective tissue. ● Each muscle fiber consists of many myofibrils.
Skeletal Muscle Structure and Function ● Sarcomere: basic unit of muscle contraction ● Made up mainly of myosin (thick, dark filaments) and actin (thick, light filaments), which are responsible for the striations of skeletal muscle.
How a Muscle Contracts ● Sliding Filament Model ● Actin and Myosin filaments do NOT shorten ● Heads on the myosin filaments (called cross bridges)attach to and slide the actin filaments past the myosin, causing the sarcomere to shorten (= contraction)
How a Muscle Contracts ● Myosin heads release from actin when ATP binds to them. ● This is why dead people stiffen (called rigor mortis). ● Dead = no more ATP = myosin heads can’t release= no relaxation = stiff
How a Muscle Contracts
Whole Muscle Properties ● Each motor neuron and the muscle fibers it stimulates is called a motor unit. ● Small motor units= fine movement= more control (fingers) ● Large motor units = less fine movement but more force (tension)= arm (biceps)
Whole Muscle Properties ● Muscle fatigue ○ Decrease in muscle capacity to generate force ○ Powerful contractions done very quickly do anaerobic respiration (without oxygen)= glycolysis only ○ This results in buildup of lactic acid=cramps
- Sport winners move backwards and losers move forward
- 26-1 introduction to the animal kingdom answer key
- Kyle douglass
- Producers consumers and decomposers
- Animals that eat both plants and animals
- Carnivore
- Movement and non-movement area
- Axial movements definition
- Lesson 2: animal body plans: 1 biology b unit 3: animals
- Lesson 2: animal body plans: 1 biology b unit 3: animals
- Aare saar
- Chapter 24 section 1 animal characteristics
- Quadrupedal movement benefits
- Animal vs plant cell
- Plant cell animal cell venn diagram
- Animal rights versus animal welfare
- Hình ảnh bộ gõ cơ thể búng tay
- Slidetodoc
- Bổ thể
- Tỉ lệ cơ thể trẻ em
- Chó sói
- Chụp phim tư thế worms-breton
- Hát lên người ơi alleluia
- Các môn thể thao bắt đầu bằng tiếng nhảy
- Thế nào là hệ số cao nhất
- Các châu lục và đại dương trên thế giới
- Công thức tiính động năng
- Trời xanh đây là của chúng ta thể thơ
- Cách giải mật thư tọa độ