Housing Affordability Institutions and Governance Housing policy Institutions
Housing Affordability: Institutions and Governance Housing policy Institutions: 4 levels Future challenges ENHR-conference Affordable Housing for All! Tirana, Marja Elsinga 1|
Housing affordability • • Why: what is the aim of a policy? What: what is meant by affordable? Who: who is responsible? How: what instruments to apply? • My statement: thinking in 4 layers may support research that contributes to solutions for housing affordability problems ENHR-conference Affordable Housing for All! Tirana, Marja Elsinga 2|
Housing for households • A roof over the head • A home • An investment ENHR-conference Affordable Housing for All! Tirana, Marja Elsinga 3|
Housing for policy makers • Why is housing relevant: • Resilient cities: urban • Wellbeing: social • Economic growth: market ENHR-conference Affordable Housing for All! Tirana, Marja Elsinga 4|
Different stages in housing policies Encyclopaedia of Housing & Home, 2012, Elsevier • (1950 -1960’s): Modernisation: urban • Developing world: emphasis on urban planning/slumclearing, • Europe: emphasis on solving housing shortage after WOII • (1970 -1980’s): Structuralism: wellbeing • Developing world: welfare and support self-help, • Europe: housing as part of welfare states • Since 1990’s: Neoliberalism: market • Developing world: marketisation, formalisation • Europe: marketisation, privatisation, deregulation • Next? ENHR-conference Affordable Housing for All! Tirana, Marja Elsinga 5|
Instrument in the neoliberal phase: less red, more green Government as facilitator for the market • Public housing at below market price • Subsidies (lump sum, yearly, tax-reduction), land, loans, bricks: • For developers/landlords • For people • Regulation: • Price, Quality, • Energy efficiency, transparency ENHR-conference Affordable Housing for All! Tirana, Marja Elsinga 6|
Actors in the neoliberal phase: less red, more green Government Others (and government) • Non profit initiatives (cooperatives), PPP • Impact investments: social return on investment • Informal housing solutions ENHR-conference Affordable Housing for All! Tirana, Marja Elsinga 7|
Housing Affordability: Institutions and Governance Housing policy Institutions: 4 levels Future challenges ENHR-conference Affordable Housing for All! Tirana, Marja Elsinga 8|
Institutional layer model; Williamson 2000, my interpretation lnstitutions Informal institutions: Market creates welfare Social policy based on needs Formal institutions: Property rights, tax, subsidies, regulations Level One Level Two 1 st - nd - Governance: Public private partnerships Resource allocation: Level Three 2 Level Four Demand supply ENHR-conference Affordable Housing for All! Tirana, Marja Elsinga 3 r . 9|
Emphasis on how level 2 en 3 can facilitate level 4 Discourse in housing policy and housing policy institutions How to make the market work In reality there is a huge challenge in our urbanising world Large part of housing solutions is beyond the scope of policy makers and beyond statistics Key issues what happens in reality on level 4? Time for a critical review of implicit value at level 1? ENHR-conference Affordable Housing for All! Tirana, Marja Elsinga 10 |
Level 4: allocation in reality • Who are the providers on the ground? How about affordability? • What are innovations on the supply side: • • • New New New design technology planning financial arrangements types of investment • What are the informal solutions of households? ENHR-conference Affordable Housing for All! Tirana, Marja Elsinga 11 |
Basic need • Informal solutions: • 1. 4 people billion by 2020 (UN-Habitat); 30 -50% of the population in urban areas • Family help: multigenerational living ENHR-conference Affordable Housing for All! Tirana, Marja Elsinga 12 |
I ENHR-conference Affordable Housing for All! Tirana, Marja Elsinga 13 |
Research Questions • How does it really work in practice? • Housing outcomes are determined by other developments/policies • Ongoing: • Options to turn empty buildings to affordable housing in the Netherlands, Marjolein Overtoom • What are stakeholder interests in urban renewal in China, Toazhi Zhuang • Invasion of student housing and airbnb and the impact on affordable housing, master-projects ENHR-conference Affordable Housing for All! Tirana, Marja Elsinga 14 |
Level 3: play of the game Who are the actors and how do they deal with the rules ENHR-conference Affordable Housing for All! Tirana, Marja Elsinga 15 |
I Affordable Income/price: • • Quote expense/income Residual income ENHR-conference Affordable Housing for All! Tirana, Marja Elsinga 16 |
The changing role of governments, (Van der Steen, 2015) Results Financial incentives Green deals Government Society Building codes Green bonds Conditions ENHR-conference Affordable Housing for All! Tirana, Marja Elsinga 17 |
Research Questions • Governance of affordable housing: what works given the context? • How is the interaction between formal and informal institutions • Low income condominiums in Quito and Ecuador; housing as common pool resource, Rosa Donoso • Family strategies towards home ownership, Wenjing Deng • Evaluate different models and how they work out in practice • RESHAPE: rethinking social housing, many… • New options for hybrid rental models in China, Juan Yan • New options for hybrid rental models in South Korea, Kyungho Choe • Alternative models for housing maintenance in Ghana, Samson Aziabah ENHR-conference Affordable Housing for All! Tirana, Marja Elsinga 18 |
Level 2: Formal institutions for affordable housing • The effect of policy instruments for affordable housing: subsidies, regulation: many ws in this conference • TENLAW-project, FP 7 • Pilot project on homelessness • Instruments to encourage private renting, Steunpunt Wonen Vlaanderen, cooperation with Cambridge University • Towards cost effective housing policies, Steunpunt Wonen Vlaanderen • Towards new housing subsidies, Steunpunt Wonen Vlaanderen ENHR-conference Affordable Housing for All! Tirana, Marja Elsinga 19 |
Level 1: Informal institutions • What is fair and what is welfare about? • Needs versus capabilities • Sen and Nussbaum on capabilities ENHR-conference Affordable Housing for All! Tirana, Marja Elsinga 20 |
Basic Needs Approach versus Capabilities Approach, Owlocation, 2017 ENHR-conference Affordable Housing for All! Tirana, Marja Elsinga 21 |
Research questions • Does the capabilities approach provide perspective for housing and other fields of welfare, H 2020 -project RE-In. VEST • Current social policy disempowers people • Participative approach with tenants and professionals: • http: //www. re-invest. eu/ Other work: • Comparing formal and informal housing strategies in Asian cities (capabilities approach), Boram Kim • Project for Delft Design for Value: housing and philosophy ENHR-conference Affordable Housing for All! Tirana, Marja Elsinga 22 |
Housing Affordability: Institutions and Governance Housing policy Institutions: 4 levels Future challenges ENHR-conference Affordable Housing for All! Tirana, Marja Elsinga 23 |
Housing Institutions and Governance: New challenges • Housing = access to the city, inclusive and resilient cities/societies • Need for investment in affordable and sustainable new and existing dwellings means addressing: • • • Individual households: home owners, tenants Landlords: social or commercial Developers Lenders Investors ENHR-conference Affordable Housing for All! Tirana, Marja Elsinga 24 |
Institutional layer model; Williamson 2000, my interpretation lnstitutions Informal institutions: Market creates welfare Needs vs capabilities Formal institutions: Property rights, tax, subsidies, regulations Level One Level Two 1 st - nd - Governance: Public private partnerships, role of informal housing Resource allocation: Level Three 2 Level Four Demand supply ENHR-conference Affordable Housing for All! Tirana, Marja Elsinga 3 r 25 | .
Housing Institutions and Governance: New challenges • Williamson vs Ostrom (Nobel price 2009 together): “…a boost for the behaviourally founded, evolutionary–institutional approach…” Earl and Potts (2011) cited by Donoso, 2017 • Redefine what is housing affordability and what is welfare/fair: can capabilities approach work for housing? • Create knowledge to feed policies: • What works and what not? • Global North and Global South can learn from each other • Next: adequate housing makes societies work? ENHR-conference Affordable Housing for All! Tirana, Marja Elsinga 26 |
Housing Affordability: Institutions and Governance • M. g. elsinga@tudelft. nl • https: //www. tudelft. nl/bk/over-faculteit/hoogleraren/profdrir-mg-elsinga/ ENHR-conference Affordable Housing for All! Tirana, Marja Elsinga 27 |
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