Household Water Conservation B K Auti Radhabai Kale

Household Water Conservation B K Auti Radhabai Kale Mahila Mahavidyalaya, Ahmednagar.

• • • Non-Consumptive Commercial 245 Domestic 650 Industrial 1700 Mining 168 Livestock 14 Irrigation 0 Consumptive 11. 5 74 158 14 41 16

Water Use (million gallons per day) Where is Water Used in PA? Thermoelectric (not shown) = 5, 930

Shifting Population Changes Local Water Use ~20, 000 new wells each year Wells Drilled 1960 -1994

Household Water Use in PA • 1900 – 5 million residents – 5 gallons person per day • 1995 – 12 million residents – 69. 3 gallons person per day

Where is Water Used in the Home (69. 3 gallons person per day)

Why Conserve Water? • Save money !! – Energy savings (from heating water) – Water savings (for those that pay for water) • Conserve your supply for later use • Rebates – Some utilities offer incentives for conservation • Reduce the load to your septic or sewer system • Make environmentally conscious decisions when possible

Achieving Water Conservation • Changes in habits – Little or no cost – Quick effect – Usually temporary • Water-saving appliances, fixtures – Can be expensive – Most are easily installed – Very effective – Permanent

Changes in Habits • Often touted during droughts • Examples • Shorter showers • Wait for full laundry loads • Less frequent toilet flushing • Reduce outdoor watering • No car washing

Toilets • Largest user of water in most homes • Average use = 5. 1 flushes person per day • Conventional = 4 to 5 gallons per flush (gpf) • New toilets = 1. 6 gpf • 1. 6 gpf toilets have been required since 1994

Clothes Washers • Average use = 2. 6 loads per week person • Conventional = 45 to 51 gallons per load (gpl) • Front-loading = 27 gpl • Disadvantages • More expensive initially • Bending to get clothes • Longer wash time • Advantages • Significant energy savings • Less detergent • Less drying needed • Larger load capacity • Cleaner clothes • Less wear and tear on clothes

Dish Washer • 50% of homes have one • Similar water use to hand-washing • Average use = about 1 load per week person • Conventional = about 11 gallons per load • Water efficient = 4 to 7 gpl

Other Water-Saving Toilets Composting toilet and composter • Mostly commercial or recreational uses • Air-assisted • Utilizes air compressor • About 0. 5 gallons per flush • Noisy • Composting • No water use • Requires careful maintenance • Best for low-use situations Air-assisted

Faucets • Average use = 4 minutes per day person • Conventional = 3 to 6 gallons per minute • Low-volume = 1. 5 gallons per minute (as low as 0. 5 gpm for bathroom) • Very inexpensive • 2. 5 gpm faucets required since 1994

Showerheads • Average use = 8 minutes per day person • Conventional = 3 to 6 gallons per minute • Low-volume = 2 to 2. 5 gallons per minute • Some have manual shut-off for extra savings • Very inexpensive • Savings depend on habits also • 2. 5 gpm showerhead required since 1994

Water Use (gallons per day) Effect of Water Conservation Normal use = 68 gallons per day person Conservation use = 38 gallons per day person

Estimated Annual Water and Energy Savings (family of four) Appliance Low-flush toilet Low-volume showerhead Low-volume faucet Front-loading washer Water-efficient dishwasher Total Water Savings (gallons) 18, 000 4, 000 9, 000 13, 000 600 44, 600 Energy Savings (kilowatt hours) 0 500 1, 300 150 2, 450 Annual Dollar Savings Water 44, 600 gallons @ $0. 005 per gallon ~ $225 Energy 2, 450 Kwh @ $0. 08 per k. Wh ~ $200

Outdoor Water Conservation • Outdoor use usually small in PA (< 10%) • High percentage is evaporated (consumptive use) • First target of drought restrictions • Examples • Rain barrels to collect roof water • Drip or soaker hoses for irrigation • Nighttime watering • No car washing, filling pools, etc.

Water Resources Planning Act (Passed December 2002) • Objectives – Estimate how much water we have – Determine how much we use – Estimate how much we will need • Creates a State Water Plan • Registration of all large water users – Those using >10, 000 gallons per day • Water conservation education and assistance • Identification of critical water resources planning areas • Precursor to water resources based planning?