Household Energy Use Survey Harmonization 1 Survey Harmonization

Household Energy Use Survey Harmonization 1 | Survey Harmonization: Household Energy Use

Presentation Outline l Background – Importance of Monitoring Household Energy Use for Health l Household Energy Survey Harmonization Process l Reaching the Finish Line: Outputs 2 | Survey Harmonization: Household Energy Use

Importance of Monitoring Household Energy Use 3 | Survey Harmonization: Household Energy Use

WHO Monitors Household Energy Use l Historical tracking: WHO has monitored household energy use and its health impacts for over a decade – MDG/SDG reporting, World Health Statistics, etc. l Nationally-representative estimates of household energy use: – Used in a statistical model to provide global, regional and country level (total, urban, rural) estimates l Publicly available & used by countries and partners (e. g. IEA, GACC, WB) 4 | Survey Harmonization: Household Energy Use

WHO Household Energy Databases • The WHO HHE database currently houses data on the main energy source for: • Cooking: 964 surveys, 161 countries, 1970 -2015 • Lighting: 243 surveys, 88 countries, 1963 -2014 • Heating: 74 surveys, 30 countries, 1980 -2015 … updates in process, and new data welcome All surveys are nationally-representative 5 | Survey Harmonization: Household Energy Use

How does WHO use national survey data? l Global population relying primarily on polluting & clean fuel and technologies (1980 -2015) 6 | Survey Harmonization: Household Energy Use

How does WHO use national survey data? Exposure to household air pollution 3. 1 billon people 7 | Survey Harmonization: Household Energy Use

How does WHO use national survey data? Exposure to household air pollution 3. 1 billon people Disease burden from household air pollution ~4 million deaths per year 8 | Survey Harmonization: Household Energy Use

Monitoring Household Energy Use Required for SDG Goal 7 Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable, and modern energy for all Indicator 7. 1. 2 Percentage of population with primary reliance on clean fuels and technologies Indicator 7. 1. 1 Proportion of population with access to electricity • Excludes kerosene (a nonsolid fuel) • Emission rates drive innovation in renewable technologies Currently there are no widely-available biomass stoves that can be considered ‘clean’, however with further innovation in new affordable and efficient home technologies (e. g. low-emission cookstoves), the articulation of this indicator allows for such innovations to be positively counted toward this target and others (e. g. Target 3. 9) 9 | Survey Harmonization: Household Energy Use Clean HHE

WHO IAQG define “clean” for health Normative guidance found in the WHO Guidelines for indoor air quality: household fuel combustion provide: • Emission rate targets for PM 2. 5 and CO that determine whether fuel and technology combinations are “clean” for health • Guidance on the policy in transition to the sustained adoption of clean fuels and technologies – will take time & vary across settings • Recommendations against kerosene and unprocessed coal use • Emphasis on importance of addressing all main household energy end uses for health benefits 10 | Survey Harmonization: Household Energy Use

WHO is Custodial Agency for Air Pollution-Related SDGs SDG 7. 1. 2: Percentage of population with primary reliance on clean fuels and technologies SDG 11. 6. 2: Annual urban mean concentration of particulate matter (PM 2. 5), populationweighted. SDG 3. 9. 1: Mortality from air pollution 11 | Survey Harmonization: Household Energy Use

Presentation Outline l Background – Importance of Monitoring Household Energy Use for Health l Household Energy Survey Harmonization Process l Reaching the Finish Line: Outputs 13 | Survey Harmonization: Household Energy Use

Historical Perspective: National Household Surveys A story of the good, the bad and the ugly. . . The good. . . The ugly. . . 14 | Survey Harmonization: Household Energy Use The less good (bad). . .

Historical Perspective: National Household Surveys A story of the good, the bad and the ugly. . . The good. . . The less good (bad). . . Usually able to use one question: What is your main cooking fuel? The ugly. . . 15 | Survey Harmonization: Household Energy Use

Review of Multi-Stakeholder Survey Harmonization Process Two stakeholder meetings (GACC 2013 & PAHO 2015) Development of enhanced HHE survey instrument in multiple formats Piloting, refinement and alignment Finalization, dissemination & capacitybuilding in countries (Current/Future) 16 | Survey Harmonization: Household Energy Use

Challenges for Global Monitoring of Household Energy Use l Harmonization–missing a systematic system of validated questions & response options l Enhanced assessment – measure more than just main fuel for cooking • Include heating, lighting • Assess all fuels used l Time, resources & questionnaire space (PRACTICALITY) l Country support – countries need to be better understand the value of this information, have the capacity to capture this information and the resources to do so 18 | Survey Harmonization: Household Energy Use

Survey Harmonization Goals l Multi-stakeholder household energy survey harmonization process is led by WHO in cooperation with Global Alliance for Clean Cookstoves and World Bank l Goals – Enhance and harmonize household surveys to ensure same essential data is captured by all surveys – Facilitate monitoring of SDGs – Account for all fuels and technologies used for cooking, heating, lighting • Ideally, provide data on household energy use impacts on health, gender, environment, etc. – Ensure alignment with MTF of SE 4 All GTF 19 | Survey Harmonization: Household Energy Use

Household Energy Use Questions l Essential questions for SDG monitoring * – – – 7 essential questions for monitoring SDG 7. 1. 2 Primary fuels and technologies for cooking, heating, lighting Questions structured to capture use of clean solid fuel technologies Target audience: national surveys, censuses Focus of discussion today l Other priority questions – Use of other fuels and technologies for cooking, heating, and lighting – Cooking location – Time use/health questions 20 | Survey Harmonization: Household Energy Use

Comprehensive Household Energy Use Survey l Additional questions that capture more details – Frequency of use, expenditures / prices – Characterization of wood biomass stoves and fuels – Target audience: surveys focused on energy use l For finalization in near future 21 | Survey Harmonization: Household Energy Use

Review of Pilot Efforts N 1500 Cameroon – Daniel Pope, Nigel Bruce, Eliza Preferred Survey Length Format List Short Avg. Min. 12 Puzzolo, Nganda Malea, U. Liverpool, GLPGP Paraguay – Karin Troncoso, PAHO Benin - Herve Lanwin, MSF Peru – Stella Hartinger, Daniel Maeusezahl, 250 Matrix Long 15 58 List Short 20 174 List Short 20 200 Both 20 Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute Ghana – Kwaku Poku Asante, Martha Abdulai, Ghana Health Services Peru – Kendra Williams, William Checkley, Johns Hopkins University Belize – MICS Costa Rica - MICS 22 | Survey Harmonization: Household Energy Use Tanzania - Edmund Bell-King, Colalight

MICS 6 Indicators l MICS 6 includes 9 household energy questions l Questions ask about primary fuels and technologies for: – Cooking, heating, lighting and ventilation l Appreciate MICS team for testing and incorporating these questions! l http: //mics. unicef. org/tools HOUSEHOLD ENERGY USE 13. 1 Access to electricity HC Number of household members with access to electricity Total number of household members SDG Indicator 7. 1. 1 13. 2 Primary reliance on clean fuels and technologies for cooking, space heating and lighting EU Number of household members with primary reliance on clean fuels and technologies for cooking, space heating and lighting Total number of household members SDG Indicator 7. 1. 2 13. 3 Primary reliance on clean fuels and technologies for cooking EU Number of household members with primary reliance on clean fuels and technologies for cooking Total number of household members 13. 4 Primary reliance on clean fuels and technologies for space heating EU Number of household members with primary reliance on clean fuels and technologies for space heating Total number of household members 13. 5 Primary reliance on clean fuels and technologies for lighting EU Number of household members with primary reliance on clean fuels and technologies for lighting Total number of household members 24 | Survey Harmonization: Household Energy Use

Presentation Outline l Background – Importance of Monitoring Household Energy Use for Health l Household Energy Survey Harmonization Process l Reaching the Finish Line: Outputs 25 | Survey Harmonization: Household Energy Use

A Closer Look at the “NEW” Household Energy Use Questions l Available in 3 Formats List 26 | Matrix Survey Harmonization: Household Energy Use Concise Matrix

Products of Survey Harmonization Process l Survey documents, in multiple formats l Household Energy Use Questionnaire Guide, explains the importance of each question, and calculations for constructing indicators l Household Energy Use Catalog, with detailed descriptions of all answer options for survey questions, including pictorial guides (can be used in training) l Interviewer Manual, for training and a reference tool 27 | Survey Harmonization: Household Energy Use

WHO Indicator Calculation l For reporting SDG 7. 1. 2, WHO will report: – – Primary reliance on clean cooking fuels and technologies Primary reliance on clean lighting fuels and technologies Primary reliance on clean heating fuels and technologies Composite indicator: Primary reliance on clean fuels and technologies for cooking AND heating AND lighting – Historical indicator: Primary use of solid fuel for cooking l WHO will also calculate: – Household use of clean, transitional, and polluting fuels for cooking, heating and lighting – Data will be available from WHO 28 | Survey Harmonization: Household Energy Use

WHO Indicator Calculation Using Survey Data (Example) Clean - unexposed 29 | Transitional Survey Harmonization: Household Energy Use Polluting- exposed

A Closer Look at the “NEW” Priority HHE Use Questions q 7 essential questions q Designed for use at national, local or project level q More exhaustive and detailed list of fuels and technology options q Complementary documents provided q Captures multiple fuels and technologies for cooking, q Provided in multiple formats heating and lighting 30 | Survey Harmonization: Household Energy Use

Main Cookstove / Cooking Device * * 31 | Survey Harmonization: Household Energy Use

Next Steps l WHO finalized questions based on feedback from piloting and consultations l WHO will finalize supporting documentation and provide support to countries in their implementation l WHO will incorporate findings into their databases and as soon as possible, incorporate the results of more robust surveys into reporting 32 | Survey Harmonization: Household Energy Use

Thank You Questions or Comments? Jessica Lewis lewisj@who. int 33 | Survey Harmonization: Household Energy Use

Extra Slides 34 | Survey Harmonization: Household Energy Use

Fuel Used in Main Cookstove / Cooking Device l Main Fuel l Cooking Location * 35 | Survey Harmonization: Household Energy Use

Main Space Heating Device * * 36 | Survey Harmonization: Household Energy Use

Main Space Heating Fuel * 37 | Survey Harmonization: Household Energy Use

Main Lighting Device * 38 | Survey Harmonization: Household Energy Use

Electricity Section * * * 39 | Survey Harmonization: Household Energy Use

Time Use and Health (Recommended) 40 | Survey Harmonization: Household Energy Use