House Plumbing The plumbing systems broadly include the
House Plumbing
The plumbing systems broadly include the following. q Entire system of water supply and distribution pipes including fittings and fixtures like taps, valves, tanks etc. used in connection with water supply. q Entire system of sanitary drainage including fittings and fixtures like wash basins, sinks water closets, urinals, traps, waste pipes, sewers, septic tanks etc. q Entire system of storm water including collection and carrying of rain water (from roofs, paved areas and ground surface) to a public storm water drain or to a pond or river.
Water distribution system There are two distinct systems of supply of water to a building from the mains: 1. Direct system. 2. Indirect system.
Direct System In direct system, the supply of water is given to various floors in a building directly from the mains which have sufficient pressure to feed the entire floor and water fittings at highest part of the building.
Indirect System In indirect system, the water supply from the mains may be drawn either by q Feeding water into the overhead reservoir provided at roof of the building from where the water is supplied to different floor by gravity or q Feeding water into an underground water storage tank. The water from the underground tank is pumped to overhead storage tank from water is supplied by gravity.
Types of Pipe 1. Cast iron pipes 2. Steel pipes 3. Galvanized iron (G. I. ) pipes 4. Copper pipes 5. PVC pipe
Taps, valves, and cocks The term taps, valves and cocks are used to name different types of fittings required to control the flow of water.
Valves is a fitting commonly used to control the flow of along a pipeline. With the introduction of valves, it is possible to isolate any section of a pipeline for the purposes of inspection, repair of a leak or addition/alteration to the already functioning water supply system. Following types of valves are commonly used in domestic water supply system.
Valves
Globe Valve o Most commonly used o Used for Controlling or completely closing the flow of water. o Normally made up of brass. o Normally used for high pressure system.
Different Types of Valves Gate valve o Used to control flow of water or for completely stopping the flow of water in a pipeline. o Normally used in low pressure system. o Offer much less resistance to flow of water as compared with Globe valve. o Gate valve is used for controlling the discharge to the outlet from storage tank.
Different Type of Valves Float valve o Used to supply water to a storage tank or flushing cistern and to automatically shut off the flow when pre-determinate level is reached.
Storage tanks in building � Provision of storage tank is made in a building to ensure availability of water during non-supply hours. � In case of multi-storied building besides meeting demand of water for domestic consumption, it is mandatory to make provision of adequate overhead storage tank. � The storage tanks can be made from brick masonry, G. I. sheets, PVC or RCC. � Normally underground tanks are made from masonry or RCC.
Drainage The system of drainage can be broadly divided in two parts 1. Drainage below the ground 2. Drainage above the ground.
Drainage below the ground This comprises of a system of underground house drain, inspection chamber, main drain or sewer, manholes, ventilation shafts etc. provided for conveying sanitary sewage and storm water for final treatment or disposal. Underground drainage can be divided into the following three systemsi. Combined system ii. Separate system iii. Partially combined system.
Drainage above the ground This consists of a system of vertical stacks, horizontal branches, floor traps etc. provided for conveying sanitary sewage, storm water etc. to the underground drainage system for final disposal. This system is known as house or building drainage system.
Traps A trap is a fitting provided in a drainage system to prevent entry of foul air or gases from sewer or drain into building. The barrier to the passage of foul air is provided by the water seal in the trap.
Essentials of a good trap 1. It should maintain an efficient water seal under all conditions of flow , both during the water flow as well as in the absence of water flow. 2. It should be self cleansing. 3. It should not have any internal projections, angles or contractions so as to permit unobstructed flow through it.
Essentials of a good trap 4. It should have smooth inner surface so that each part is automatically scoured by flow of water and there is no possibility of dust, dirt etc. getting struck to it. 5. It should be provided with suitable means of access for cleaaning purposes.
Types of traps According to their shape traps can be divided into following types: � P-trap � Q-trap � S-trap
Sanitary fittings The different types of sanitary fittings normally used in buildings are: 1. Wash basin 2. Sink 3. Bath tub 4. Urinals 5. Water closet 6. Flushing cistern
System of drainage There are three different systems of drainage: � Two pipe system o This is the traditional system of removing the discharge from sanitary fittings. o In this system the foul matter from W. C. and urinals is discharged into one pipe (soil pipe) and the waste matter from kitchen, bath, wash basin, floor traps is discharged into another pipe (waste pipe).
System of drainage o The soil pipe is directly connected to the building drain. o Waste pipe is connected to the building drain through a gulley trap provided at the foot of the waste pipe. o Separate ventilation is connected to each stack. Thus 4 pipes are necessary for this system.
System of drainage � One pipe system o In this system all soil and waste fittings discharged into a single pipe. o Separate vent pipe is provided to which all floor traps are connected for ventilation of the system.
System of drainage � Single stack system o This is a simplified version of one pipe system wherein separate ventilation pipe required in one pipe system is dispensed with and waste fittings discharge into a single pipe.
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