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Hormones Complete the table Gland Hormone Pituitary ADH Effects Oxytoxin Prolactin Thyroid Stimulates milk production after birth Thyroxine Fight and flight hormone. Prepares the body for handling difficult or dangerous situation Pancreas Insulin Converts glycogen to glucose Gonad Oestrogen Ovary progesterone Testes Maintains uterus lining during pregnancy Promotes the development of male secondary sexual characteristics

Hormones Gland Hormone Effects Pituitary ADH Increase in water re absorbtion in kidneys Oxytoxin Causes contraction of uterus during birth Prolactin Stimulates milk production after birth Thyroid Thyroxine Increases general rate of metabolism and stimulates growth Adrenal gland Adrenaline Fight and flight hormone. Prepares the body for handling difficult or dangerous situation Pancreas Insulin Converts glucose to glycogen glucagon Converts glycogen to glucose Gonad Oestrogen Secondary sexual characteristics of females, ovulation Ovary progesterone Maintains uterus lining during pregnancy Testes testosterone Promotes the development of male secondary sexual characteristics

Adrenaline • Produced by adrenal glands, one above each kidney • It has 2 regions: • (Outer)Adrenal cortex-produces a no: of hormones called corticosteroids. There is no nervous supply. • Adrenal medulla- receives nerves from brain and produces the hormone adrenaline. • It is a short lived hormone and is converted by liver into less active compounds which is excreted by the kidneys.

Effect of Adrenaline complete the table Brain Causes ‘instructions’ to be sent out to increase breathing rate and depth Increased supply of oxygen & removal of carbondioxide Heart Rapid delivery of essential substances to muscles eg. glucose Blood supply to skin Blood to skin is not urgently needed so can be diverted Blood supply to gut Reduced Gut muscles Causes muscles to relax Liver Increased conversion of glucose to glycogen Fat deposists Increased conversion of fats to fatty acids Iris of eye Pupil increases in size Digestion is not urgent and can be temporarily stopped Fatty acids are needed for muscle contraction

Effect of Adrenaline Brain Causes ‘instructions’ to be sent out to increase breathing rate and depth Increased supply of oxygen & removal of carbondioxide Heart pacemaker makes heart beat faster Rapid delivery of essential substances to muscles eg. glucose Blood supply to skin Reduced Blood to skin is not urgently needed so can be diverted Blood supply to gut Reduced Blood to gut is not urgently needed so can be diverted Gut muscles Causes muscles to relax Digestion is not urgent and can be temporarily stopped Liver Increased conversion of glucose to glycogen Glucose is needed for respiration in body muscles Fat deposists Increased conversion of fats to fatty acids Fatty acids are needed for muscle contraction Iris of eye Pupil increases in size More light enters eye to improve vision.

Compare Nervous and Endocrine system comparison Nervous system Message Hormones Route Nervous system Method of transmission Electrical impulses and chemicals (neurotransmitters) Transmission rate Blood system Slower, depends on circulation Origin of message Receptor(sense organ) Destination of message Effector (muscle) Speed and duration of effect Endocrine system Delayed, prolonged

Compare Nervous and Endocrine system comparison Nervous system Endocrine system Message Nerve impulse Hormones Route Nervous system Blood system Method of transmission Electrical impulses and chemicals (neurotransmitters) Chemicals(hormones) Transmission rate Rapid Slower, depends on circulation Origin of message Receptor(sense organ) Endocrine gland Destination of message Effector (muscle) Target organ or organs Speed and duration of effect Immediate, brief Delayed, prolonged