Hoover and the Great Depression AP Outline n

Hoover and the Great Depression

AP Outline n n Depression, 1929 -1933 Wall Street crash Depression economy Moods of despair Agrarian unrest n Bonus march n n Hoover-Stimson diplomacy; Japan

Hoover Key Terms n n n Great Depression Stock Market Crash Hoover's Response to The Crash Chain Reaction-Unemployment-Bank Failures Massive Suffering

Causes of the Depression n Uneven Distribution of income Stock Market Speculation. Excessive Credit n n Buying Stock on Margin Over Produciton of Farm Goods

Great Depression Suffering

Okies and “Hooverville”

Hoover’s Response n Hoover’s Initial Reaction: n n n n Conservative Republican Thought the poor economy would improve… Just another temporary down turn Government’s Reaction Made the Depression worse Idea- Government cuts (spending) expenditures to balance the budget Raised taxes Cut spending Significance-problematic action it took $ out of the economy

Hoover Responses n n n No government interference in the economy“The Dole corrupts society” no governments help in relief of unemployment Volunteerism- private charities should help the needed n n n People should give to charity Called bankers to bolster financial market Called industrialist not to lower wages “Bank Relief” (RFC) Reconstruction Finance Corporation Hoover did try to help and support banks and corporations by offering loans that would spur the economy. No government deficit spending (he changes his mind in 1933 and begins deficit spending)

The “Bonus March” n n Veterans of World War I Demonstrate, protest, camp out in Washington DC Hoover orders Army to remove protestors Mac. Arthur and tanks are finally used

FDR and The “New Deal”

New Deal n n n n Franklin D. Roosevelt Background, ideas Philosophy of New Deal 100 Days; "alphabet agencies" Second New Deal Critics, left and right Rise of CIO; labor strikes Supreme Court fight Recession of 1938 American people in the Depression Social values, women, ethnic groups Indian Reorganization Act Mexican American deportation The racial issues

Who is Franklin Delano Roosevelt? • Huge personality • New York, Wealthy Family • Energetic • Cousin to TR, Harvard Educated • Self confident • Charismatic • Consummate politician • VP Candidate 1920 • 1921 stricken with Polio- wheel chair • Under Secretary of the Navy, Wilson • Governor of New York 1928 thru 32

Democratic Nomination n Gains nomination by bringing diverse groups together. Steals the Nomination from Smith n # 1 factor in the election is ECONOMY n

Election of 1932 n n FDR believed in Progressive ideals The Government serves the people Truly sympathetic to the disadvantaged Government needs to reform business Platform n. Low Tariff n. Unemployment Insurance n. Old Age Insurance

FDR pledged a new deal for America n n n "I pledge you, I pledge myself, to a new deal for the American people. " FDR Democratic National Convention 1932 “The Country demands bold persistent experimentation. ” FDR But never said what it would be or how it would work…

Election of FDR

Election Map of 1932

FDR and Democrats win n n Immediately Roosevelt calls together experts November –January The “Brain Trust”- political, business and Intellectuals/Academics

Key Idea n n The New Deal represents the greatest expansion of Federal power in the history of the country. The Federal Government will now take on the role of supporting Americans through regulation of economy= banking, labor supports, Securities and Exchange Commission, and Social Insurance= Social Security, Unemployment, Aid to Families with Dependent Children,

What is the New Deal? n n The “Brain Trust” created a series of programs created by the Federal Government that provided for changes to: Aid economic development (Recovery) Help citizens (Relief) Prevent another depression from occurring again. (Reform)

Three “R”s n n n Relief for the people out of work Recovery for business and economy Reform of American economic institutions

First 100 Days n n Inaugural speech March 4, 1933 “The only thing we have to fear is fear itself. ” Offered the American public hope! Emergency Session of Congress to approve and enact new laws to aid the economy. First item: Bank Holiday - Emergency Banking Act

John Maynard Keynes n n Keynesian Economics Father of deficit spending Advocated the use of Government spending to mitigate the problems of Capitalism in an effort to spur and stabilize the economy See reading

Mass Media: RADIO n n “Fireside Chats” 60 million people Offer confidence and hope People begin to trust and look to him for help

New Deal Legislation (100 Days) n n n Repeal Prohibition: 21 st Amendment Revenue Act- Tax Alcohol Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA) (NRA) National Recovery Administration (NIRA) National Industrial Recovery Act (PWA) Public Works Administration n n (TVA) Tennessee Valley Authority (FDIC) Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (CCC) Civilian Conservation Corps (FERA) Federal Emergency Relief Administration Harry Hopkins- leader

Other New Deal programs n n (SEC) Security and Exchange Commission (FCC) Federal Communications Commission

Critics of FDR n n Right American Liberty League-big business Raskob Chairman of GM Father Coughlin Left Dr. Townsend Social Security Huey P. Long “Share the Wealth”

2 nd New Deal n n n Goals to create more jobs Security against old age-unemployment, and illness Improve slums and housing Social Security-(1935) Unemployment Insurance Wagner Act- National Labor Relations Act

Labor Rises under the New Deal n n After 1933 Union Membership expands- normally this is not the case The New Deal allowed for labor protections: n n First under the National Recovery Administration(NRA) Set wages and prices in effort to create jobs NRA is found unconstitutional by Supreme Court. Schechter Poultry vs United States

FDR Was Pro-Union Wagner Act n n The National Labor Relations Act gave workers the right to negotiate through unions of their choice. It also prevented employers from interfering with union activities

John L. Lewis and the CIO n n n Charismatic Leader President of the United Mine Workers Began as VP of American Federation of Labor Wanted to include mass production workers in AFL (UNSKILLED WORKERS) When AFL resists- he forms CIO Congress of Industrial Organizations

CIO vs. General Motors n n n GM employed 240, 000 workers Detroit/Flint Michigan area The first use of “Sit Down Strike” is seen Workers go to work, peaceful demonstration, refuse to work. Government sides with labor and no national guard and strike violence

GM Gives In n n n n GM gave in to strikers demands United Auto Workers is recognized Auto Workers and Steel Workers join the CIO 1937 - 200, 000 Auto Workers 300, 000 steel workers Membership grows 4 million Represents- pro-union stance of New Deal However- some violence still exist in labor disputes- Chrysler, Ford, and Republic steel

n How does FDR end up with a “friendly” Supreme Court?

FDR and the Court n n Second Term- 1937 Economy growing but New Deal still needed Supreme Court was limiting the effectiveness of programs They reflected conservative- Right Wing views= pro-business, reduce government interference

The Court in 1937 n n n Older Generation Had different vision of society 9 Judges- 7 appointed by Republicans n n n 80% of Judges in lower Fed courts Roosevelt was Frustrated: FDR proposed to add up to six new judges to the Supreme Court and up to 44 judges to lower federal tribunals. His scheme was advertised as court reform.

FDR tries to Circumvent the Court n n n FDR was afraid that the court would continue to limit New Deal reforms- like AAA and National Recovery Administration NRA Proposal sent to Congress: Face value- appoint more judges to make courts more efficient Truth: add more liberal judges to manipulate the process- pro-New Deal judges FDR is widely criticized

FDR’s Plan Backfires n n Public outcry and criticism reduces plan ton defeat Court becomes more moderate Social Security Act upheld National labor Relations Board vs. Jones and Laughlin Steel: n Wagner Act is upheld- (Pro Labor Decision)

“A Shift in Time Saves Nine” n n Rational for Majority Decision- NLRB v Jones and Laughlin Steel “Unions served to maintain labor peace and prevent the disruption of interstate commerce; it was thus Constitutional for the Federal Government to promote Unionization through the mechanisms created in the Wagner Act. ”

Liberal Judges Appointed n n Justices Hugo Black Justices Frank Murphy Justices Felix Frankfurter Will have lasting impact on American Government

Recession 1938 n n New Deal is coming to an end 1937 - 2 new pieces of legislation enacted 1938 - Farm Bill = similar AAA-compensating farmers- controlling supply and pricing n Fair Labor Standards Actn Prohibition of child labor n Minimum wage=. 40 cents hour n 40 hour work week n

1933 -1938 n n n New Deal is working- people are working Relief programs are being successful But- the economy is still very bad Unemployment n Production down n n 1938 Economy drops again Unemployment rises n Stock Market drops n

Recession and FDR n n n FDR thought the Economy was on the rise Cuts WPA- PWA –Federally sponsored jobs Federal Reserve raises interest rates n n Causes tight credit- reduces the supply of credit few SS taxes cause money to come out of economy

FDR Moderates the New Deal and people lose jobs

FDR and Minority Groups n n FDR was sympathetic in general, to African Americans Refused to push for a strong Federal Lynching law He was afraid to alienate the Southern Democrats Eleanor was the greatest supporter of African American issues and civil rights

Eleanor a Truly Compassionate Human Being n n n Eleanor Roosevelt fought for African American civil rights and improvement She pressured FDR to listen and try to improve conditions for African Americans in the US Supported anti-lynching laws, abolition of poll taxes, and

New Deal Programs and Discrimination n New Deal programs like: CCC- had segregated units and camps NRA paid blacks less

New Deal helped African Americans n n n African-Americans, who for many years had loyally voted with the Republican Party, switched to the Democratic Party as a result of the popular New Deal reforms. Though discriminated against by nearly every New Deal agency, especially in the South, they were almost never excluded from assistance altogether. The New Deal provided African-Americans with immediate economic assistance that stood between them and complete destitution.

The Black Cabinet n n Roosevelt was the first president in the modern period to even listen and or acknowledge African American needs He was not overtly supportive because of political considerations (Southern Democrats) but he did listen and allowed for some support

Phillip Randolph-African American Leader n n Leader of the train porter’s union Becomes spokesman for mainstream African Americans

Indian Reorganization n The Dawes Plan of 1887, forced Native Americans to reorganize their living conditions-they had to divide land individually. In the New Deal- the reorganization of Native land allowed for collective (group) ownership, and funding for education, and cultural programs. Native Americans were not left out.

Mexican Deportation n Many Mexican immigrants begin to arrive in the 1920 s When the Depression hits, more come, but then a backlash against them occurs The competition over jobs causes resentment and deportation of over 500, 000 people, mostly in the south-west

Document Interpretation DBQ n n Read the Question before you read documents Brainstorm all prior knowledge regarding question Create a thesis Read each document: n n n n n Brainstorm prior-knowledge for each document-list on the DBQ Interpret each document: What do you know about the source, author? What is the context of the document? What is the main message of the document? What perspective is being portrayed? What is the purpose of the document? What is the significance of the document? What point could you make with this document in relation to the question? Read and brainstorm 5 documents