Hooray Age of Exploration State building in Europe

Hooray!! Age of Exploration!

State building in Europe ► Plague and internal problems destroy the power of the Holy Roman Empire ► German Princes and Italian City-States have the power – develop two important elements that spread throughout Europe: § Direct Taxation and Standing Armies!

State Building throughout Europe ► France and England fight constantly over land (Hundred Years War – 1337 -1453) § France taxed sales, hearths and salt § England taxed hearths, plows and even individuals (just for being there!) ► Russia – 1480, Moscow prince Ivan the III stops paying tribute to Mongols and in effect declaring independence That’s IVAN THE GREAT to you!

Aragon! Castile! Spain! ► 1469 – Marriage of Fernando of Aragon and Isabel of Castile ► United two most important (and richest) Iberian realms “Catholic Kings” complete the reconquista, and create a hegemony throughout much of the Italian peninsula. ► The

By 1492, the “Reconquista” or reconquering of Spain is complete. (the Catholics force out the Muslims!)

Bring it all together! ► Competition grows as these areas tighten and defend their authority! ► Conflict is encouraged by rapid development of military and naval technology (gunpowder weapons, ships, etc) ► Arms and technology race strengthened European powers just as they began to venture into the larger world…

Why explore? ► Gold: § Overland routes were controlled by Mongols and Muslims § Merchants sought a profitable trade with Asia ► God: § Church leaders wanted to spread Christianity and halt Islam ► Glory: § A new “worldly” view had emerged as a result of the Renaissance

Spice Trade ► 1300 s – Europeans dependent on spices such as pepper, cinnamon, & nutmeg ► Spices used for flavor, preserving meat, perfumes, cosmetics, and medicine ► Spice trade was controlled by Arab and Venetian merchants

Technology necessary ► Oceangoing ships ► Triangle Sails ► Compass ► Astrolabe ► Sextant ► Accurate Maps ► Training in Navigation

Portugal leads the way… ► Not really known as merchants – fisherman with great experience of travelling on the stormy Atlantic ► Prince Henry the Navigator: campaigns to spread Christianity and increase Portuguese influence. § Seized Ceuta § Discovered the Madeiras and Azores § Discovered islands off West African coast – Cape Verd Principe, etc § Colonized island began growing sugarcane…

► mid-1400 s, Portuguese fleets explore west African coast – each new expedition proceeding a bit further than its predecessor ► Trade develops: § Guns, textiles and manufactured items § Gold and African Slaves • Changed the longestablished African commerce in slaves by increasing its volume and sending slaves to new destinations. • Sent thousands of slaves to work their new island sugar plantations

Indian ocean ► Portugal not done – a sea route to Asian markets (with silk and spices) would avoid Muslim and Italian middlemen. ► Looking to participate directly in Indian Ocean trade: in 1497, Vasco da Gama sails around the cape, finds a Muslim pilot to show him how to take advantage of the monsoon winds ► In the following 100 years, Portuguese ships armed with cannons worked hard to control Indian Ocean trade

Around the same time… ► 1492 Christopher Columbus (an Italian, sailing for Spain) discovers new land. (trying to reach Asia by sailing west) ► …he never realizes it.

Columbus laid the foundation for Spanish control of potentially rich territories ► second voyage (1493– 1496), explored Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands, Jamaica, Cuba, etc, and attempts to establish a colony on Hispaniola. - poor management and enslavement of natives ► third voyage (1498– 1500) Columbus landed on Trinidad, Venezuela, and as governor of Hispanolia, alienated the Spanish colonists and was arrested and sent back to Spain as a prisoner. ► Stripped of any governing authority by Ferdinand Isabel, 4 th voyage (1502– 1504), stranded on Jamaica for more than a year, he returned to Spain with his health ruined. He died two years later (1506), a wealthy but bitter man who felt unappreciated by his king and uncertain of his legacy. ►

Columbus Day in America is celebrated on the second Monday in October! …. but should it be?

Compare that clip with this clip!

…maybe this ones a bit more balanced….

A Question of POV… Hero? Villain?

► Although he returns without gold, silk or spices he is persistent that he had reached islands near Japan and China ► Made 3 more voyages but it was Amerigo Vespucci to later realize he had discovered a new “world” – hence “America”

Spain and Portugal ► Two biggest exploring nations ► Began fighting over land in New World ► Asked Pope to solve dispute ► The Pope divides the New World in half with a line! Pope Alexander VI

Pope’s Solution: Draw a Line ► West of line is Spain’s/East of line is Portugal’s

The Treaty of Tordesillas (1494) ► The problem is, they had no idea how much “New World” was out there! ► Became obvious Spain got much more land ► Moved the line west a little…better? ?

Vasco de Balboa ►Spaniard ►Hacked path across Isthmus of Panama ► 1 st European to see Pacific Ocean

Ferdinand Magellan ►From Portugal, Sailed for Spain ►Looking for El Paso Sea Route thru America to Indies ►Tip of South America = Straits of Magellan

Ferdinand Magellan ►Renamed & crossed the Pacific Ocean ►Landed in Philippine Islands ►Died in a battle w/ natives ►His men become the first to circumnavigate the globe!

Northwest Passage ►Find a passage more northerly than Columbus’ to Asia (i. e. through America)

Northwest Passage Explorers ►John Cabot – (English) Newfoundland ►Jacques Cartier – (French) St. Lawrence River ►Henry Hudson - (Dutch) Hudson River

Dutch East India Company ►Created in 1602 by Dutch Merchants ►Used military to stay in power! ►Set up Colonies East & West Indies, Japan, South & North America (Manhattan)

Spanish Empire Grows!!!

Spanish Empire Grows!!! ►Columbus returned w/ stories of the natives § Easy to convert to Christianity § Easy to enslave!

Given ownership but people there already… ► Aztecs in Mexico …and the Inca in South America

Spanish Empire Grows!!! ►Spain sends Conquistadors – Spanish explorers / conquerors ►Sent to bring home riches and slaves

Hernan Cortes ►Took 11 ships & 600 men into Mexico ►Captured Montezuma – Aztec king ►Destroyed capitol Tenochtitlan – Aztec

Aztec Civilization

Agriculture ► Corn ► beans ► Peppers ► squash ► Cocoa ► sweet potatoes ► No beasts of burden – but. . turkeys ► Chinampas were floating gardens built on swamps.

Francisco Pizarro ►Landed in Panama w/ 180 men ►Moved South into Peru ►Destroyed Incan Empire ►Captured Atahualpa – King of Incas, and killed him after ransom was paid!

Francisco Coronado ►Explored into North America ►Went as far north as Kansas & Oklahoma

Hernando de Soto ►Was w/ Pizarro in Peru ►Explored North America § Started in Florida, went north into Georgia & Tennessee § Discovered the Mississippi River & went south to Louisiana

►What Recap are they looking for? ►Wealth, spices, new sea routes, people to convert to Christians, & undiscovered land.

► Indians considered “sub-human” ► Forced labor systems develop

Colombian Exchange ► many products were carried to and from the New World like: ► to the New World: horses, cows, wheat, rice, & oranges ► from the New World: corn, potatoes, tobacco, cacao (chocolate) ► Europeans carried unknown diseases to the native Americans which killed millions (including Small Pox)

Which were Old World and Which were New World? ► Corn ► Peanuts ► Rice ► Vanilla ► Oats ► Squash ► Potatoes ► Tomatoes ► Sweet ► Mustard Potatoes ► Peaches ► Sugarcane ► Cabbage ► Coffee

Columbian Exchange

How did the Columbian Exchange impact world populations? Why?

Mercantilism ►A theory that a country should try to collect as much bullion (gold and silver) as possible, creating wealth and power. ► If a country sold more goods to other countries than it bought from them, it would acquire this bullion. ► Put Simply: To become rich, exports should exceed imports

Mercantilism ► High demand for Gold and Silver! ► Governments tariffs set high § Taxes on Imports ► Colonies § Provide raw materials § Provide a market for finished goods Silver Production in Spanish America 1516 -1660

Potosi and Cerro Rico ► The Cerro Rico was literally a mountain of silver in Spanish Peru, now Bolivia ► Nearly 41, 000 metric tons of pure silver were mined from Cerro Rico from 1556 to 1783. ► Indian laborers, came to die by the thousands, not simply from exposure and brutal labor, but by mercury poisoning ► 30, 000 African slaves were taken to Potosí during the colonial era. ► Forced to work as acémilas humanas (human mules). Since mules would die after a couple of months pushing the mills, the colonists replaced every four mules with twenty African slaves

► Spanish Silver and Pieces of Eight

Changing Ways of Life Commercial Revolution ► new business methods for investing money, speeding the flow of wealth, & reducing risks of free enterprise (modern capitalism), economic system in which money is invested by individuals in business to make profits ► rise

More Commercial Revolution ► people who wanted to invest in exploration combined resources in joint-stock companies, or organizations that sold stock & shared in profits & losses ► rise of entrepreneurs, or individuals who combined money, ideas, raw materials, & labor to make goods & services

How did the Columbian Exchange impact the world’s wealth?

► Native Americans § What sort of labor systems were developed as a result of the Columbian Exchange? § What was the impact of the Columbian Exchange on Native Americans?

American Indian Societies Destroyed and Transformed ► Encomiendas Spanish Crown gave land to Spaniards who promised to pay the Crown taxes ► The Spaniards, extracted tributes from the Indians living on that land in form of goods, metals, money, and labor I ► In return they provided Indians with protection and instruction in the Christian faith ► ► Mita mandatory public service in the society of the Inca Empire. It was effectively a form of tribute to the Inca government, in the form of labor (community-driven projects such as the building of their extensive road network) ► The Spanish utilized this labor system for their own needs – forced labor in the silver mines… ►

Vanishing Natives ► Indigenous populations plummet! ► Forced Labor and Disease ► Who will do the work?

► Silver § Remember Potosi! § What happened to the Spanish (and world) economy as a result of the huge influx of Silver? § How was China impacted by Spanish Silver?

Silver ► Loss of faith in paper money ► Spanish silver from Potosi to Asia ► ► Silver Triangle route: Philippines to China to Japan floods Chinese Market • devaluation of currency & recession • reduces price of Chinese goods in Europe ► ► UH-OH……increases interest in Chinese culture… ► Helps encourage Europeans in conquest and trade silver eventually replaced by opium

► Slavery § Why was there such a large influx of slaves into the New World? § Where did most of those slaves end up? § What about “unforced” migration?

Slavery in the New World ► Triangular trade § Set of trades between three points § The most famous was sugar/rum/slaves ► Begins the transatlantic slave trade: § African chiefs sell members of other tribes for guns & alcohol § 10 – 24 million Africans were brought to America § 1 in 5 did not survive the journey (Called the “Middle Passage” because it was the middle leg of the triangle)