Hooray Age of Exploration Aragon Castile Spain 1469

Hooray!! Age of Exploration!

Aragon! Castile! Spain! ► 1469 – Marriage of Fernando of Aragon and Isabel of Castile ► United two most important (and richest) Iberian realms “Catholic Kings” complete the reconquista, and create a hegemony throughout much of the Iberian peninsula. ► The

By 1492, the “Reconquista” or reconquering of Spain is complete. (the Catholics force out the Muslims!)

Bring it all together! ► Competition grows as small kingdoms get gobbled up by bigger ones! ► Conflict is encouraged by rapid development of military and naval technology (gunpowder weapons, ships, etc)

Why explore? ► Gold: § Show me the money! ► God: § spread Christianity and halt Islam ► Glory: § Who doesn’t want to be famous!

The First G: Gold ► Gold was a hot item that explorers were looking for, but remember that it is really wealth, that explorers were after. ►natural resources sold for profit timber, sugar, tobacco, ivory, etc.

► High SPICES! demand for spices eant high prices and lots of profit Cinnamon, Nutmeg, Pepper, Cloves, Etc…. ► Trading contact with Muslims made Italian traders very rich! ► Used to flavor and preserve meat; used in perfumes, cosmetics, and medicine Spice Islands

The Second G: God ► Missionaries race to convert native peoples to Christianity: ►SPREAD CHRISTIANITY ► Secure their spot in heaven by doing Gods work. ► Replace souls lost to Protestantism

The Third G: Glory ► From The Triumph of Fame, a Flemish tapestry from 1502. Renaissance ideal of Humanism, & focus on individual achievement ► Printing press made gaining fame for one’s actions more possible ► Also, individual kings wanted glory for their kingdoms

Write a letter to the King/Queen asking for their support ($$) allowing you to explore the world! Use the 3 G’s to support your argument

The Three G’s ► Which do YOU feel is the best reason to explore? ► Pick ► As a corner! a group, develop a “mission statement” about why your reasoning (Gold, God or Glory) is the BEST reason for exploring the world!

Technology necessary ► Oceangoing ships ► Triangle Sails ► Compass ► Astrolabe ► Sextant ► More Accurate Maps ► Training in Navigation

Prince Henry the Navigator • A small nation needs to compete • Sponsored many voyages of exploration • Encouraged schools of navigation

Portugal leads the way… ► Prince Henry the Navigator: campaigns to spread Christianity and increase Portuguese influence. § Discovered the Madeiras and Azores § Discovered islands off West African coast – Cape Verd Principe, etc § Colonized island began growing sugarcane…

► mid-1400 s, Portuguese fleets explore west African coast – each new expedition proceeding a bit further than its predecessor ► Trade develops: § Guns, textiles and manufactured items § Gold and African Slaves • Changed the longestablished African commerce in slaves by increasing its volume and sending slaves to new destinations. • Sent thousands of slaves to work their new island sugar plantations

► Portugal Indian ocean not done – a sea route to Asian markets (with silk and spices) would avoid Muslim and Italian middlemen. ► 1497, Vasco da Gama sails around souther tip of Africa (Cape of Good Hope) ► In the following 100 years, Portuguese ships armed with cannons take control of Indian Ocean trade!

Around the same time… ► 1492 Christopher Columbus (an Italian, sailing for Spain) discovers new land. (trying to reach Asia by sailing west) ► …he never realizes it.

Natives Encountered ►A group of natives that he named Indians because he thought he was in the East Indies/India

Effects of Encounter ►Use of Force ►Converted inhabitants to Christianity ►Took all resources to Spain. ►Opened the door to exploring the new world for the riches

Columbus’ Four Voyages

Columbus Day in America is celebrated on the second Monday in October! …. but should it be?

European Explorations

Hernan Cortes

Area Explored ► 1519, Hernan Cortes landed in Mexico w/ 600 men & 16 horses.

Natives Encountered ►Made alliance w/ natives who were unhappy w/ Aztec rulers. ►Attacked city of Tenochtitlan. ►Defeated Montezuma

Effects of Encounter ►Took over the city, which today is Mexico City. ►Cortes inspired other conquistadors.

Francisco Pizarro

Area Explored ►Pizarro conquered the much of South America

Natives Encountered overran the Incas ►Held their leader, Atahualpa, for ransom. ►Was paid, but killed him anyway. ►He

Effects of Encounter ►Spanish Control Spread throughout South America (except for Brazil)

How Did They Do It? • Military Technology – Muskets, Cannons, Armor • Horses frightened the natives. • Division among natives. • Disease destroyed natives, making them weak & easy to defeat.

►Conquistadors – Spanish explorers / conquerors ►Sent to bring home riches and slaves

A Question of POV… Hero? Villain?

Dear Congressman ► Write a letter to your Congressman asking him to …… 1. Keep Columbus Day and honor his contributions in connecting the World. 2. Get rid of Columbus Day and honor the true first founder of the Americas Leif Erikson. 3. Create a National Natives Day to give tribute to the Natives who lost their lives during European Exploration.

► Although he returns without gold, silk or spices he is persistent that he had reached islands near Japan and China ► Made 3 more voyages but it was Amerigo Vespucci to later realize he had discovered a new “world” – hence “America”

Spain and Portugal ► Two biggest exploring nations ► Began fighting over land in New World ► Asked Pope to solve dispute ► The Pope divides the New World in half with a line! Pope Alexander VI

Pope’s Solution: Draw a Line ► West of line is Spain’s/East of line is Portugal’s

The Treaty of Tordesillas (1494) ► The problem is, they had no idea how much “New World” was out there! ► Became obvious Spain got much more land ► Moved the line west a little…better? ?

Ferdinand Magellan ► Circumnavigation of the globe! ►Tip of South America = Straits of Magellan

Ferdinand Magellan ►Renamed & crossed the Pacific Ocean ►Landed in Philippine Islands ►Died in a battle w/ natives ►His men become the first to circumnavigate the globe!

Northwest Passage ►Find a passage more northerly than Columbus’ to Asia (i. e. through America) English, French and Dutch

Northwest Passage Explorers ►John Cabot – (English) Newfoundland ►Jacques Cartier – (French) St. Lawrence River ►Henry Hudson - (Dutch) Hudson River

Dutch East India Company ►Created in 1602 by Dutch Merchants ►Used military to stay in power! ►Set up Colonies East & West Indies, Japan, South & North America (Manhattan)

Given ownership but people there already… ► Aztecs in Mexico …and the Inca in South America

Hernan Cortes ►Took 11 ships & 600 men into Mexico ►Captured Montezuma – Aztec king ►Destroyed capitol Tenochtitlan – Aztec

Aztec Civilization

Agriculture ► Maize, beans, peppers, cocoa ► No beasts of burden – but. . turkeys ► Chinampas were floating gardens built on swamps.

Francisco Pizarro Landed in Panama w/ 180 men ► Moved into South America, eventually to Peru ►

► Indians considered “sub-human” ► Forced labor systems develop

Colombian Exchange ► many products were carried to and from the New World like: ► to the New World: horses, cows, wheat, rice, & oranges ► from the New World: corn, potatoes, tobacco, cacao (chocolate) ► Europeans carried unknown diseases to the native Americans which killed millions (including Small Pox)

Columbian Exchange

The “Columbian Exchange” v Squash v Avocado v Peppers v Sweet Potatoes v Turkey v Pumpkin v Tobacco v Strawberry v Cocoa v Pineapple v Cassava v Potato v Peanut v Tomato v Vanilla v Corn NEW WORLD v Chocolate v Birds (Fowl) v Vanilla v Bear v Sunflowers v Alpaca v Crabs v Bison v Papaya v Guinea Pig v v Lama v Chilies v Shrimp v v Pecan

The “Columbian Exchange” v Olives v Coffee Bean v Banana v Rice v Onion v Turnip v Honeybee v Barley v Grape v Peach v Sugar Cane v Oats v Citrus Fruits v Pear v Wheat v Horse v Cattle v Sheep v Pigs OLD WORLD v Olive Oil v Birds v Peppers v Black Pepper v chicken v Donkey v Turnips v Cabbage v Lettuce v Rabbit v Cotton v Rat

Menu Requirements: New World o 1 Appetizers o 3 Entrees o 1 Desserts o 1 Drinks Old World o 1 Appetizers o 3 Entrees o 1 Desserts o 1 Drinks Columbian Exchange World (Combo of New and Old) o 1 Appetizers o 3 Entrees o 1 Desserts o 1 Drinks Restaurant Name Title of Each Dish, Description, and a Price

How did the Columbian Exchange impact world populations? Why?

Mercantilism ►A theory that a country should try to collect as much bullion (gold and silver) as possible, creating wealth and power. ► If a country sold more goods to other countries than it bought from them, it would acquire this bullion. ► Put Simply: To become rich, exports should exceed imports

Mercantilism ► High demand for Gold and Silver! ► Governments tariffs set high § Taxes on Imports ► Colonies § Provide raw materials § Provide a market for finished goods Silver Production in Spanish America 1516 -1660

Potosi and Cerro Rico ► The Cerro Rico was literally a mountain of silver in Spanish Peru, now Bolivia ► Nearly 41, 000 metric tons of pure silver were mined from Cerro Rico from 1556 to 1783. ► Indian laborers, came to die by the thousands, not simply from exposure and brutal labor, but by mercury poisoning ► 30, 000 African slaves were taken to Potosí during the colonial era. ► Forced to work as acémilas humanas (human mules). Since mules would die after a couple of months pushing the mills, the colonists replaced every four mules with twenty African slaves

► Spanish Silver and Pieces of Eight

Changing Ways of Life of free enterprise (modern capitalism), economic system in which money is invested by individuals in business to make profits ► rise

More Commercial Revolution ► people who wanted to invest in exploration combined resources in joint-stock companies, or organizations that sold stock & shared in profits & losses ► rise of entrepreneurs, or individuals who combined money, ideas, raw materials, & labor to make goods & services

How did the Columbian Exchange impact the world’s wealth?

Discuss with your partner… ► Native Americans § What sort of labor systems were developed as a result of the Columbian Exchange? § What was the impact of the Columbian Exchange on Native Americans?

American Indian Societies Destroyed and Transformed ► Encomiendas Spanish Crown gave land to Spaniards who promised to pay the Crown taxes ► The Spaniards, extracted tributes from the Indians living on that land in form of goods, metals, money, and labor ► In return they provided Indians with protection and instruction in the Christian faith ► ► Mita mandatory public service in the society of the Inca Empire. It was effectively a form of tribute to the Inca government, in the form of labor (community-driven projects such as the building of their extensive road network) ► The Spanish utilized this labor system for their own needs – forced labor in the silver mines… ►

Vanishing Natives ► Indigenous populations plummet! ► Forced Labor and Disease ► Who will do the work?

► Silver § Remember Potosi! § What happened to the Spanish (and world) economy as a result of the huge influx of Silver? § How was China impacted by Spanish Silver?

Silver ► Spanish silver from Potosi to Asia ► ► Silver Triangle route: Philippines to China to Japan floods Chinese Market • devaluation of currency & recession • reduces price of Chinese goods in Europe ► ► UH-OH……increases interest in Chinese culture… ► Helps encourage Europeans in conquest and trade silver eventually replaced by opium

► Slavery § Why was there such a large influx of slaves into the New World? § Where did most of those slaves end up? § What about “unforced” migration?

Slavery in the New World ► Triangular trade § Set of trades between three points § The most famous was sugar/rum/slaves ► Begins the transatlantic slave trade: § African chiefs sell members of other tribes for guns & alcohol § 10 – 24 million Africans were brought to America § 1 in 5 did not survive the journey (Called the “Middle Passage” because it was the middle leg of the triangle)