Honors New Mexico History COLONIAL NEW MEXICO NATIVE

Honors New Mexico History COLONIAL NEW MEXICO

NATIVE AMERICANS � Anasazi � Emerged in 4 corners area after 300 AD � Primarily farmers � Very high degree of agriculture � Developed major settlements � Mesa Verde � Chaco Canyon � Abandoned settlements after 1200 AD Major drought

NATIVE AMERICANS � Pueblos � Descendants of the Anasazi � Centered around the Rio Grande, but stretch as far west as central Arizona � 8 major groups � Continued an agricultural way of life

NATIVE AMERICANS � Navajos/Apaches � Interrelated � Moved into area by 1500 � Settled in old Anasazi areas � Primarily hunters

EUROPEAN EXPLORATION � Europeans began to explore for routes to reach Asia � Could travel overland � Blocked by Muslim empires � Trade routes were dominated by Italians � Portugal � Wanted to find an all water route to Asia � By 1498 sailed around Africa

COLUMBUS � Christopher Columbus � Italian who sailed for Spain � Wanted to sail west to find an a route to Asia � Sailed west in 1492 � Believed that the world was ½ its size � Instead of Asia, reached the Caribbean � Made 4 voyages � Claimed the land for Spain

COLUMBUS Led to the Columbian Exchange of products, ideas, peoples, animals, and disease between the Old World and New World

COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE

NEW SPAIN: CONQUISTADORS Spanish Colonization Centered on Hispaniola and Cuba Moved into Mexico in 1519 Conquistadors Hernán Cortés Conquered Aztecs in 1520 Made alliances with Native Americans Smallpox wiped out Aztecs

SPANISH CONQUEST � Aztecs 1520 � Became center of New Spain � Spanish searched for gold and silver � Brought in Encomienda System � Land grants to Spanish settlers/soldiers � All land inhabitants went to the Spanish � Became very cruel � Spanish gradually moved north from Central Mexico and then south

INCAS � Next major conquest was South America � Francisco Pizarro � Went to Peru in search for gold � Made contact with Inca Empire � Used a civil war to conquer them � Held their emperor for ransom � Smallpox also swept through the population

NARVÁEZ EXPEDITION � Set out in 1528 to explore Florida � Ended up crossing to Florida, Gulf Coast, and then to Texas � Were shipwrecked � Of 600 men, only 80 survived the wreck � Within 2 years, only 4 were left alive � Spent years as captives of Indians before they escaped. � Made it back to New Spain by 1536

SURVIVORS � Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca � Alonso del Castillo Maldonado � Andrés Dorantes de Carranza � his enslaved Moor Estevanico � He later served as a guide on the expedition of Fray Marcos de Niza in 1539. � Killed outside of Zuni in 1539

CORONADO � De Niza’s expedition returned with stories of the Seven Cities of Gold � Led to expedition of Franciso Coronado in 1540 � De Niza served as the guide � Encountered the Zunis at Hawikuh, just south of Zuni Pueblo � Later moved north into present day Arkansas � Between 1540 and 1598, there were 6 expeditions north

JUAN DE OŇATE Led Spanish settlement of New Mexico 1550 (? ) – 1626 Born in New Spain In 1595 he was granted the right to colonize the northern frontier of New Spain Crossed the Rio Grande near El Paso in April 1598 Moved north to the middle Rio Grande Valley

SPANISH SETTLEMENT � First settlement was San Juan, near Espanola � Later moved across the river to San Gabriel � Became � Oňate the first capital was the first governor � Earned a reputation as a stern leader � Led expeditions to the Great Plains and the Colorado River

SPANISH SETTLEMENT � Dealt with an uprising at Acoma Pueblo � Nephew was killed at Acoma in 1598 � Led a retaliatory expedition in 1599 � Killed 800 and enslaved 500 � Chopped off one foot of all men over 25 � Recalled � Tried to New Spain in 1606 and found guilty of cruelty to Natives � Verdict was later overturned.

ROYAL COLONY � 1609 � New Mexico made a royal colony � First Royal Governor was Pedro de Peralta � Moved the capital to Santa Fe in 1610 � 1610 -1680 � Major Spanish effort was to Christianize the Pueblos � Franciscan order also clashed with the state � Major issue was control of government

PUEBLO REVOLT 1680 -92 � By 1680 � Native culture and religion was suppressed � Pueblo men were forced to fight for the Spanish against the Navajo and Apache � Were also forced to give large amounts of food as tribute � Spanish tried to force Natives to their culture � Result was great dissatisfaction

POPÉ Leader of Pueblo Revolt San Juan Pueblo Religious leader Whipped and then imprisoned in 1675 Forced to move to Taos Pueblo Planned revolt for 5 years

PUEBLO REVOLT Pueblos chased Spanish down to El Paso Spanish attempted to retaliate in 1681, but failed Re-conquest came in 1692 Led by Don Diego de Vargas

SPANISH COLONY � 1692 -1810 � Royal colony � Considered a backwater � New Mexico far from the rest of the world � Spanish did allow native religion to co-exist with Christianity