Homonymy LECTURE 6 HOMONYMY 1 2 1 4

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Homonymy LECTURE 6

Homonymy LECTURE 6

HOMONYMY 1. 2. 1. 4. 5. Homonymy And Homonyms. Sources of Homonymy. 2. 1.

HOMONYMY 1. 2. 1. 4. 5. Homonymy And Homonyms. Sources of Homonymy. 2. 1. Diverging Meaning Development 2. 2. Convergent Sound Development Classifications of Homonyms 3. 1. Homonymy of Words And Homonymy of Word-forms. Full & Partial Homonyms Classification 3. 2. Classification of Homonyms By Prof. A. I. Smirnistky 3. 3. Graphic And Sound Form Classification of Homonyms. Formal Criteria: Distribution Homonymy And Polysemy

1. HOMONYMY AND HOMONYMS o o Homomymy is recognized as a language universal. It

1. HOMONYMY AND HOMONYMS o o Homomymy is recognized as a language universal. It creates lexical ambiguity in that a single form has two or more meanings. Homonyms – are the words of one and the same language which are identical phonetically or graphically in all or several grammar forms (and in all or several phonetic and graphic variants) but which have essential difference in lexical or grammatical meanings.

Let’s consider the following sentences: 1. 2. 3. 1. 2. A penny is one

Let’s consider the following sentences: 1. 2. 3. 1. 2. A penny is one cent. The soap has a nice scent. She sent me a letter. The bridge is made of steel. Do not steal.

2. SOURCES OF HOMONYMY The two main sources of homonymy are: 1. 2. diverging

2. SOURCES OF HOMONYMY The two main sources of homonymy are: 1. 2. diverging meaning development of a polysemantic word; converging sound development of two or more different words.

2. 1. DIVERGING MEANING DEVELOPMENT The process of diverging meaning development can be observed

2. 1. DIVERGING MEANING DEVELOPMENT The process of diverging meaning development can be observed when different meanings of the same word move so far away from each other that they come to be regarded as two separate units. This happened, e. g. , in the case of Modern English flower and flour which originally were one word meaning ‘the flower’ and ‘the finest part of wheat’.

2. 2. CONVERGENT SOUND DEVELOPMENT Convergent sound development is the most potent factor in

2. 2. CONVERGENT SOUND DEVELOPMENT Convergent sound development is the most potent factor in the creation of homonyms. The great majority of homonyms arise as a result of converging sound development which leads to the coincidence of two or more words which were phonetically distinct at an earlier date. E. g. , OE. ic and OE. еаzе have become identical in pronunciation in Modern English I [ai] and eye [ai]. Words borrowed from other languages may become homonymous through phonetic convergence. ON. ras and Fr. race are homonymous in Modern English: race 1 [reis] — ‘running’ and race 2 [reis] — ‘a distinct ethnical stock’- (раса).

3. CLASSIFICATIONS OF HOMOMYMS 3. 1. Homonymy of Words and Homonymy of Wordforms. Full

3. CLASSIFICATIONS OF HOMOMYMS 3. 1. Homonymy of Words and Homonymy of Wordforms. Full and Partial Homonyms Classification Full homonyms are identical in sound in all their forms of paradigms of two or more different words, e. g. , in seal 1 — ‘a sea animal’ and seal 2 — ‘a design printed on paper by means of a stamp’. n. Seal 1 seal 2 nseals nseal’s nseals’ The paradigm ‘seal, seal’s, seals’ is identical for both of them and gives no indication of whether it is seal 1 or seal 2.

o In other cases, e. g. seal 1 — ‘a sea animal’ and (to)

o In other cases, e. g. seal 1 — ‘a sea animal’ and (to) seal 3, — ‘to close tightly’, although some individual word-forms are homonymous, the whole of the paradigm is not identical. Compare the paradigms: seal 1 (to) seal 3 seal’s seals sealed seals’ sealing, etc.

Partial Homonymy - is homonymy of individual word-forms: find founded know no knows nose

Partial Homonymy - is homonymy of individual word-forms: find founded know no knows nose knew

CLASSIFICATION OF HOMONYMS BY PROF. A. I. SMIRNISTKY By the type of meaning homonyms

CLASSIFICATION OF HOMONYMS BY PROF. A. I. SMIRNISTKY By the type of meaning homonyms are classified into 1. Lexical: fair – fare; ear (ухо) – ear (колос); 2. Grammatical: milk – to milk; practice – to practise; brother’s – brothers. 3. Lexico-grammatical: tear (n) – tear (v); bear (n) – bear (adj); found (find) – found (v)

3. 3. GRAPHIC AND SOUND-FORM CLASSIFICATION OF HOMONYMS BY W. W. SKEAT Homonyms proper

3. 3. GRAPHIC AND SOUND-FORM CLASSIFICATION OF HOMONYMS BY W. W. SKEAT Homonyms proper (perfect homonyms) - are words identical in their sound-form and spelling but different in meaning: Club (n) an association of persons meeting periodically - Club (n) a heavy staff for use as a weapon. Light (adj) not heavy - Light (n) illumination Bank (n) a financial institution - Bank (n) a raised area of land along the side of a river 1.

2. Homophones - are words with the same sound but different spellings and different

2. Homophones - are words with the same sound but different spellings and different meanings: Piece (n) part separated from smth. - Peace (n) a situation in which there is no war between countries; Knight (n) [nait] in the past, a European soldier from a high class - Night (n) [nait] the part of each 24 -hour period when it is dark Read – red; pair – pear; know – no; write – right etc.

3. Homographs are words different in soundform and in meaning but identical in spelling:

3. Homographs are words different in soundform and in meaning but identical in spelling: Bow (n) [bou] a weapon for shooting arrows Bow n [bau] a forward movement of the body or head to show respect; Lead (v) [li: d] to conduct - Lead (n) [led] a soft heavy grey metal Row [rou] a line of smth. – row [rau] – a quarrel, tear [tiэ] – tear [teэ].