Homo habilis Homo erectus Homo sapiens Migrated from

Homo habilis Homo erectus Homo sapiens

Migrated from one place to the other

Domesticated animals and settled permanently (protection/help)

Leaders emerge

Systems of writing were invented

Infrastructures were made

What did man do/ create? How would you define civilization?

Civilization • a form of culture characterized by cities, specialized workers, complex institutions, record keeping, and advanced technology.

Requirements • Advanced cities-a city is a center of trade for a larger area.

• Specialized workers-workers with skills in a specific type of work

• Complex institutions - long-lasting pattern of organization in a community

• Record keeping - as government, religion, and the economy became more complex and structured, people recognized the need to keep records.

• Advanced technical skills- new tools and techniques created to solve problems that emerge when large groups of people live together.

LET’S RECALL What are the different Ancient rivervalley civilizations? v Mesopotamia v Nile v Indus v Early Chinese

Lesson Objectives 1. Define civilization; 2. Explain how early civilizations were formed; 3. Enumerate the contributions of the two prominent African communities using a chart 4. Make a creative presentation (Transfer Task)

ENDURING UNDERSTANDING • The study of the continuum of human civilization reveals the ideals, beliefs, values, and institutions of its people.

Lesson 1. 4 Ancient Civilizations

African empires • North African empires Ø Kingdom of Kush Ø Kingdom of Axum • West African empires Ø Ghana empire Ø Mali empire Ø Songhai empire

Dyad Activity Ø Task To listen to the video clip and list down important notes about the different African civilizatons ( geography, resources, leaders with accomplishements, downfall) The information listed will be very useful in the next activity.

Pre-Historic Africa

Kingdom of Kush ( 750 BCE – 150 CE) Nubia [modern-day Sudan]

The Emergence of Civilization • The Land – 5, 000 miles long – Sahara is the great divide • Kush – Agriculture may have first appeared in Nubia rather than the lower Nile valley – Perhaps the site of the first true African kingdom – Nubia became an Egyptian tributary – Disintegration of the Egyptian New Kingdom (end of second millennium B. C. E. ) resulted in the independent state of Kush • Kush became a major trading state • Little known about the society of Kush • Seems to have been widespread material prosperity

Kingdom of Kush • Located south of Egypt • Became subjects of Egypt • Became the 25 th dynasty of the pharaohs of Egypt

Pyramids of Kush at Meroë

Kingdom of Kush • Carried a lively trade with Arabia, India, Ethiopia

Kushite in Egypt, 23 BCE

Kingdom of Axum [300 -700]

Stelae, Ezana’s Royal Tomb, Aksum (4 c)

Christian Church, Lalibela [Ethiopia]

Christian Church, Lalibela [Ethiopia] Coptic Christian Priest

Controlled NE African Trade AXUM’S ACHIEVEMENTS Written Language Built Stelae Terrace Farming Spread Christianity in No. & E. Africa

Ghana Empire

Ghana Empire [4 c-11 c] Gold “Money”, Ghana/Ivory Coast

Ghana empire • Developed in the markeplace of gold traders • The king owned all of the gold nuggets, the empire taxed all goods, including salt, gold, entering and leaving Ghana • Almoravids (Muslim group) spread Islam and invaded cities in Ghana not following the religion