Homo habilis Homo erectus Homo sapiens Migrated from

Homo habilis Homo erectus Homo sapiens

Migrated from one place to the other

Domesticated animals and settled permanently (protection/help)

Leaders emerge

Systems of writing were invented

Infrastructures were made

What did man do/ create? How would you define civilization?

Civilization • a form of culture characterized by cities, specialized workers, complex institutions, record keeping, and advanced technology.

Requirements • Advanced cities-a city is a center of trade for a larger area.

• Specialized workers-workers with skills in a specific type of work

• Complex institutions - long-lasting pattern of organization in a community

• Record keeping - as government, religion, and the economy became more complex and structured, people recognized the need to keep records.

• Advanced technical skills- new tools and techniques created to solve problems that emerge when large groups of people live together.


LET’S RECALL What are the different Ancient rivervalley civilizations? v Mesopotamia v Nile v Indus v Early Chinese

Lesson Objectives 1. Define civilization; 2. Explain how early civilizations were formed; 3. Enumerate the contributions of the two prominent African communities using a chart 4. Make a creative presentation (Transfer Task)

ENDURING UNDERSTANDING • The study of the continuum of human civilization reveals the ideals, beliefs, values, and institutions of its people.

Lesson 1. 4 Ancient Civilizations

African empires • North African empires Ø Kingdom of Kush Ø Kingdom of Axum • West African empires Ø Ghana empire Ø Mali empire Ø Songhai empire

Dyad Activity Ø Task To listen to the video clip and list down important notes about the different African civilizatons ( geography, resources, leaders with accomplishements, downfall) The information listed will be very useful in the next activity.

Pre-Historic Africa


![Kingdom of Kush ( 750 BCE – 150 CE) Nubia [modern-day Sudan] Kingdom of Kush ( 750 BCE – 150 CE) Nubia [modern-day Sudan]](http://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/81bfbe9a2ec700872cfd5800a5e8cd8f/image-24.jpg)
Kingdom of Kush ( 750 BCE – 150 CE) Nubia [modern-day Sudan]

The Emergence of Civilization • The Land – 5, 000 miles long – Sahara is the great divide • Kush – Agriculture may have first appeared in Nubia rather than the lower Nile valley – Perhaps the site of the first true African kingdom – Nubia became an Egyptian tributary – Disintegration of the Egyptian New Kingdom (end of second millennium B. C. E. ) resulted in the independent state of Kush • Kush became a major trading state • Little known about the society of Kush • Seems to have been widespread material prosperity

Kingdom of Kush • Located south of Egypt • Became subjects of Egypt • Became the 25 th dynasty of the pharaohs of Egypt

Pyramids of Kush at Meroë

Pyramids of Kush at Meroë

Kingdom of Kush • Carried a lively trade with Arabia, India, Ethiopia

Kushite in Egypt, 23 BCE
![Kingdom of Axum [300 -700] Kingdom of Axum [300 -700]](http://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/81bfbe9a2ec700872cfd5800a5e8cd8f/image-31.jpg)
Kingdom of Axum [300 -700]

Stelae, Ezana’s Royal Tomb, Aksum (4 c)
![Christian Church, Lalibela [Ethiopia] Christian Church, Lalibela [Ethiopia]](http://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/81bfbe9a2ec700872cfd5800a5e8cd8f/image-33.jpg)
Christian Church, Lalibela [Ethiopia]
![Christian Church, Lalibela [Ethiopia] Coptic Christian Priest Christian Church, Lalibela [Ethiopia] Coptic Christian Priest](http://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/81bfbe9a2ec700872cfd5800a5e8cd8f/image-34.jpg)
Christian Church, Lalibela [Ethiopia] Coptic Christian Priest

Controlled NE African Trade AXUM’S ACHIEVEMENTS Written Language Built Stelae Terrace Farming Spread Christianity in No. & E. Africa


Ghana Empire
![Ghana Empire [4 c-11 c] Gold “Money”, Ghana/Ivory Coast Ghana Empire [4 c-11 c] Gold “Money”, Ghana/Ivory Coast](http://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/81bfbe9a2ec700872cfd5800a5e8cd8f/image-38.jpg)
Ghana Empire [4 c-11 c] Gold “Money”, Ghana/Ivory Coast

Ghana empire • Developed in the markeplace of gold traders • The king owned all of the gold nuggets, the empire taxed all goods, including salt, gold, entering and leaving Ghana • Almoravids (Muslim group) spread Islam and invaded cities in Ghana not following the religion

Gold-Salt Trade SALT GOLD Berbers

Salt
![Mali Empire SALT GOLD [13 c-15 c] Mali Empire SALT GOLD [13 c-15 c]](http://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/81bfbe9a2ec700872cfd5800a5e8cd8f/image-42.jpg)
Mali Empire SALT GOLD [13 c-15 c]

Timbuktu-”Heavenly Clay”

Timbuktu Rooftop, Mosque

Tuaregs

Marketplace near the Niger River

Mosque in Gao

Great Mosque at Djenne, Mali

Distant Mosque at Djenne, Mali
![Sundiata [1210 -1260] “Lion Prince” Sundiata [1210 -1260] “Lion Prince”](http://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/81bfbe9a2ec700872cfd5800a5e8cd8f/image-50.jpg)
Sundiata [1210 -1260] “Lion Prince”
![Mansa Musa [r. 1312 -1337] Mansa Musa [r. 1312 -1337]](http://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/81bfbe9a2ec700872cfd5800a5e8cd8f/image-51.jpg)
Mansa Musa [r. 1312 -1337]

European Map
![Songhai Empire SALT GOLD [15 c-16 c] Songhai Empire SALT GOLD [15 c-16 c]](http://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/81bfbe9a2ec700872cfd5800a5e8cd8f/image-53.jpg)
Songhai Empire SALT GOLD [15 c-16 c]
![Sunni Ali [r. 1464 -1492] Sunni Ali [r. 1464 -1492]](http://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/81bfbe9a2ec700872cfd5800a5e8cd8f/image-54.jpg)
Sunni Ali [r. 1464 -1492]
![Askia Mohammed [r. 1493 -1529] Askia Mohammed [r. 1493 -1529]](http://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/81bfbe9a2ec700872cfd5800a5e8cd8f/image-55.jpg)
Askia Mohammed [r. 1493 -1529]
![Askia Mohammed’s Tomb Gao, Mali [1443 -1538] Askia Mohammed’s Tomb Gao, Mali [1443 -1538]](http://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/81bfbe9a2ec700872cfd5800a5e8cd8f/image-56.jpg)
Askia Mohammed’s Tomb Gao, Mali [1443 -1538]
![Benin Empire [15 c-19 c] Benin Empire [15 c-19 c]](http://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/81bfbe9a2ec700872cfd5800a5e8cd8f/image-57.jpg)
Benin Empire [15 c-19 c]

Bronze Heads from Benin (16 c)

Benin Bronze Leopard



Bantu Migrations: 1000 BCE To 500 CE

Islamic Invasions



African Trade Routes
![Swahili-Speaking Areas of E. Africa SWAHILI [“the coast’] = Bantu + some Arabic Swahili-Speaking Areas of E. Africa SWAHILI [“the coast’] = Bantu + some Arabic](http://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/81bfbe9a2ec700872cfd5800a5e8cd8f/image-67.jpg)
Swahili-Speaking Areas of E. Africa SWAHILI [“the coast’] = Bantu + some Arabic

Arab Dow off the coast of Zanzibar

![Great Zimbabwe [1200 -1450] “Zimbabwe” = “stone enclosure” Great Zimbabwe [1200 -1450] “Zimbabwe” = “stone enclosure”](http://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/81bfbe9a2ec700872cfd5800a5e8cd8f/image-70.jpg)
Great Zimbabwe [1200 -1450] “Zimbabwe” = “stone enclosure”

Great Zimbabwe Street

Great Enclosure, Zimbabwe
![Manamotopa Empire [1450 -1630] Manamotopa Empire [1450 -1630]](http://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/81bfbe9a2ec700872cfd5800a5e8cd8f/image-73.jpg)
Manamotopa Empire [1450 -1630]


Overland & Sea Trade Routes by 16 c
![African Trade [15 c-17 c] African Trade [15 c-17 c]](http://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/81bfbe9a2ec700872cfd5800a5e8cd8f/image-76.jpg)
African Trade [15 c-17 c]
- Slides: 76