Homework p 116 120 What is radial symmetry

Homework p 116 - 120 • • What is radial symmetry? What are the two basic forms of Cnidarians? What is the common name for Chironex fleckeri? Why does the book say that anenomes have some relatively “sophisticated behaviors” in spite of their simple nervous system? • What traits separate Ctenophores from Cnidarians?

Homework • Chapter 5 Read pages 33 - 40 • Answer Study Questions 1 -6 on page 5 -33

Phylum Cnidaria Class Scyphozoa “True Jellies” Class Cubozoa “Box Jellies” Class Anthozoa “Corals and Anemones”

Phylum Cnidaria Jellyfish, Corals and Anemones • True tissues (2 layers) • Tentacles with stinging cells (cnidocytes) (nematocysts are the stingers) surrounding a mouth • Medusa or polyp form • Alternation of generations common

• Jellyfish as we know them are in the Medusa form. They swim • Anemones are in the sessile polyp form They are fixed in one place

Which are in the medusa form 1. 2. 3. 4. Coral Jellyfish Polyp Anemone

Fastest Responders (in seconds) 2. 74 3. 97 4. 15 4. 26 Robert Del. Rio Sabrina Lopez Sonja Gspurnsing Paul Jednak 5. 66 Jenna Fiore

Next Big Advance • Unlike Sponges (Porifera) Cnidarians have • True Tissues: “muscle like” tissue nerve net • Radial symmetry • 1 opening gut

PHYLUM CNIDARIA ex: (jellyfish, anemones, corals) - two tissue layers - an outer epidermis and inner gastroderm - nerve net with stinging capsules called nematocysts radial symmetry with 2 body types: 1. polyp 2. medusa Sea Anemone Portuguese man-of-war a colonial Cnidarian

The Man-of-War has a gas filled float and individuals that function like specialized organs. Some are carnivores with digestion in food vacuoles. The coral animal may live as a free-floating polyp or build colonies into reefs, but not all corals build reefs. 1. stony coral hermatypic or reef builders. The polyp grows in 6 parts to form a body of calcium carbonate ex: brain, staghorn, golf ball

Unlike sponges Cnidaria have True tissues 1. True 2. False

Anemone are in _______ form 1. 2. 3. 4. Medusa Polyp Neckton Infauna

Fastest Responders (in seconds) 3. 15 3. 18 4. 86 7. 64 Sabrina Lopez Sonja Gspurnsing Robert Del. Rio Paul Jednak 8. 2 Jenna Fiore

2. soft coral - polyps with 8 tentacles While part of the reef, they do not build reefs because their bodies are a soft keratin. ex. sea fans, gorgonians 3. hydrocoral - false corals resemble the anemone and contain powerful neumatocysts that cause skin irritation ex: fire coral

Polyp Form Medusa Form

Alternation of generation

Cnidarians & Their Sting Cnidarians have harpoon-like structures that sting, and are unique to them. Use for: • Primarily capturing prey • Defense • Movement • attachment Stinging cells Cnidocytes Stinging Structure Nematocyst

Defense & Feeding Mechanism Tentacles have batteries of Cnidocytes -Contain Cnidae – organelles that can evert Nematocysts – stinging capsules are cnidae

Before After

How Nematocysts Fire 1. 2. 3. • Contact w/ cnidocil (cell’s trigger) Pressure change at seal of operculum Nematocyst fires from cell @ 2 m/sec Another possibility: odor of animal sets off trigger (aka. Chemical response)

How Nematocysts Fire

Nematocysts • Corals: – Lack cnidocil – Cilia act as mechotrigger – Nematocyst chamber covered by three flaps, not one operculum • Each nematocyst can be fired only once • Replacements take 48 hours to be formed and replaced

Cnidocytes • Concentrated around epidermis – Around mouth & tentacles • Can be clustered into “Nematocyst Batteries” • Microscopic 1/1000 mm long for some! • Often 100 s are fired at once

3 Basic Types of Cnidae True Nematocysts: hollow nematocyst filament contains toxin -base of filament has spines & stylets -neurotoxin Sea Wasps, Box Jellies, Hydrozoans Spirocysts: Lacking toxin & spines -filament has sticky protein to adhere to target Certain anthozoans like sea anemones Ptychocysts: pleated filament while stored -adhesive Tube-dwelling anemones

They Won Immunity! • Clownfish: – Immune to anemone’s nematocysts – Unknown process • May be a mucus layer on fish that protects it from chemical trigger of cnidocyte

They Won Immunity! • Glaucus (pelagic nudibranch, or sea slug) – Feeds on Man-of-War • Incorporates nematocysts into its own tissue for own defense • “Kleptocnidae”

Cnidarian major body advance is 1. Multicellularity 2. True organ systems 3. True Tissues 4. Organs

Cnidarians have ____ tissue layers 1. 2. 3. 4. no 2 3 4

Cnidarians have _____ symmetry 1. Radial 2. Bilateral 3. No

A cnidocyte is 1. 2. 3. 4. The stinging cell The stinger The digestive track None of the above

The Stinging Structure is known as the 1. 2. 3. 4. Cnidocyte Nematocyst Bell Polyp

Fastest Responders (in seconds)

Class-Scyphozoa • “True Jellies” • Medusa dominant

True Sea Jellies

Locomotion in True Sea Jellies

Class -Scyphozoa = “true jellies”

Copyright ©The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display CNIDARIA Class Scyphozoa • Sea thimble jellyfish (Linuche unguiculata), Honduras • Tiny jellyfish (< 1 inch) that swarm in the spring • Adults and larvae (“sea lice”) may cause a severe skin reaction in humans Photo Copyright © Diane R. Nelson

Copyright ©The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display CNIDARIA Class Scyphozoa • Upside down jellyfish (Cassiopea xamachana) from Bermuda, with zooxanthellae • This specimen is swimming up to the surface, where its reflection is visible Photo Copyright © Diane R. Nelson

Copyright ©The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display CNIDARIA Class Scyphozoa • Jellyfish (Mastigias sp. , family Rhizostomeae) from Jellyfish Lake in Palau, western Pacific • These jellyfish have lost their ability to sting and depend on zooxanthellae for nutrition Photo Copyright © Diane R. Nelson

Class-Hydrozoa

Hydrozoa • Hydroids, fire corals, siphonophores • Many forms • Alt. of generations with much variation • Siphonophores are colonies of polyps

Copyright ©The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display CNIDARIA Class Hydrozoa • Feather hydroid (Halocordyle disticha, formerly called Pennaria tiarella), from Bermuda • Tiny, white tufts along lateral branches of the colony are individual polyps Photo Copyright © Diane R. Nelson

Copyright ©The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display • CNIDARIA Class Hydrozoa Fire coral (Millepora complanata), golden brown with white growing tips • This is a hydrocoral, not a “true” stony coral Photo Copyright © Diane R. Nelson

Copyright ©The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display CNIDARIA Class Hydrozoa • Fire coral (Millepora complanata), common in the Caribbean • Polyps on surface and along edges (“fuzz”) are loaded with toxic stinging nematocysts Photo Copyright © Diane R. Nelson

Copyright ©The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display CNIDARIA Class Hydrozoa • Portuguese Man-o. War (Physalia physalia) • This is a colony with several types of polyps: gastrozooids, gonozooids, and dactylozooids • Highly toxic Photo Copyright © Diane R. Nelson

Hydrozoan (hydroid)

Hydrozoans: Velella and Phylasia Portuguese Man-O- War

Class-Cubozoa • “True Jellies” • Medusa dominant

Class Scyphozoa True sea jellies, or jellyfish • Life cycle has both medusa & polyps, but medusa dominant • Tetramerous radial symmetry • Gut cells divided into complex radial canals • Some have single “mouth” but others w/ 1000 s of microscopic “mouths” at ends of oral arms • Specialized sensory cells w/ statocysts

Class Cubozoa Box Jellies • Life cycles w/ medusa & polyps, but medusa dominant • Polyp stage develops directly into medusa • Tetramerous radial symmetry • Statocysts • Very poisonous

Box Jellies • Very gelatinous, can be difficult to see • Although categorized as plankton, have demonstrated the ability to “swim”, as they rarely wash up on beach like other jellies • Questionable “visual” capabilities? ? able to avoid pilings & humans attempting to capture them

Cubozoans • • Box jellies “sea wasps” Very Dangerous Considered one of the most venomous Marine animals • Indigenous to the waters of northern Australia I’ll give you a nasty sting

Sea wasp

Box jellyfish have caused at least 5, 567 recorded deaths since 1884

Class-Anthozoa • Corals • Anemones

Anthozoans • Corals, anemones • Polyp stage is dominant

Budding anemone

cerioid subcerioid phaceloid meandroid solitary plocoid

Hermatypic Corals

Cirrhipathes spp. (wire coral) Antipathes spp. (black coral)

Zooxanthellae in polyps

Copyright ©The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display CNIDARIA Class Anthozoa • Gorgonian sea fan (Plexuaridae) on a reef wall in Fiji • Individual polyps in the colony filter plankton from the water column Photo Copyright © Diane R. Nelson

Copyright ©The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display CNIDARIA Class Anthozoa • Polyp of a tree fern or palm coral (Clavularia sp. ) with pinnate tentacles, in the Solomon Islands • Large sheets of these polyps are attached by a common stolon to the substrate Photo Copyright © Diane R. Nelson

Copyright ©The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display CNIDARIA Class Anthozoa • Divaricate tree coral (Dendronephthya sp. ), from Fiji • These bushy or treelike soft corals (alcyonaceans) are found only in the Pacific Photo Copyright © Diane R. Nelson

Copyright ©The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display CNIDARIA Class Anthozoa • Close-up of an alcyonacean tree coral (Dendronephthya sp. ) • Spicules, the small white rod-shaped structures, are embedded in the tissue and aid in supporting the colony Photo Copyright © Diane R. Nelson

Copyright ©The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display CNIDARIA Class Anthozoa • Note the pinnate tentacles of this octocoral, a gorgonian sea rod from Belize • Sea rod colonies can be identified more easily when their polyps are retracted Photo Copyright © Diane R. Nelson

Copyright ©The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display CNIDARIA Class Anthozoa • Corky sea finger (Briareum asbestinum), common in the Caribbean • Sea rod in front has polyps extended, while rod in back has polyps retracted, revealing purple color Photo Copyright © Diane R. Nelson

Copyright ©The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display CNIDARIA Class Anthozoa • Sea anemone (Heteractis sp. ) from Fiji • Note column of anemone and tentacles along margin • This anemone may be host to symbiotic anemonefish Photo Copyright © Diane R. Nelson

Copyright ©The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display CNIDARIA Class Anthozoa • The giant anemone or purple-tipped anemone (Condylactis gigantea) often harbors cleaning shrimp among its tentacles • Common in Bermuda and the Caribbean Photo Copyright © Diane R. Nelson

Copyright ©The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display CNIDARIA Class Anthozoa • Aerial view of coral reefs in Fiji • Dark blue on right is deep water • White is the edge of the reef • Lighter color is the reef flat Photo Copyright © Diane R. Nelson

Copyright ©The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display CNIDARIA Class Anthozoa • Elkhorn coral (Acropora palmata), from the Caribbean • Wide branches are extended upward, catching the sunlight for the zooxanthellae in the coral tissues Photo Copyright © Diane R. Nelson

Copyright ©The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display • CNIDARIA Class Anthozoa Brain coral (Diploria strigosa) in Bermuda, with black band disease • The black line marks the cyanophyte alga (Phormidium corallyticum) that kills the coral colony Photo Copyright © Diane R. Nelson

Copyright ©The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display CNIDARIA Class Anthozoa • Brain coral (Diploria strigosa), common in Bermuda and the Caribbean • Healthy coral is golden-brown due to the presence of symbiotic zooxanthellae Photo Copyright © Diane R. Nelson

Copyright ©The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display CNIDARIA Class Anthozoa • Coral aggression between two stony corals in Bermuda • Montastrea annularis (top) and Diploria strigosa (bottom) compete for space, leaving a dead zone (white) between them Photo Copyright © Diane R. Nelson

Copyright ©The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display CNIDARIA Class Anthozoa • Extended slender polyps of the stony coral Goniopora sp. , found in Fiji and the western Pacific • Polyps are extended during the day Photo Copyright © Diane R. Nelson

Copyright ©The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display CNIDARIA Class Anthozoa • Orange cup coral (Tubastraea coccinea) from Bonaire in the Caribbean • These ahermatypic corals extend their polyps at night to feed on plankton Photo Copyright © Diane R. Nelson

Copyright ©The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display CNIDARIA Class Anthozoa • Coral bleaching in star coral (Montastrea annularis) in the Caribbean • Golden brown color indicates healthy tissue • White area has lost zooxanthellae Photo Copyright © Diane R. Nelson

Copyright ©The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display CNIDARIA Class Anthozoa • Coral bleaching in star coral (Montastrea annularis) in the Caribbean • Loss of zooxanthellae due to higher water temperatures results in lighter color Photo Copyright © Diane R. Nelson

Copyright ©The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display CNIDARIA Class Anthozoa • Elliptical star coral (Dichocoenia stokesii), common in the Caribbean • Dome-shaped colonies with elliptical corallites Photo Copyright © Diane R. Nelson

Copyright ©The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display CNIDARIA Class Anthozoa • Close-up of the raised corallites of Caribbean elliptical star coral (Dichocoenia stokesii) in the daytime • Polyps are extended at night to feed on plankton Photo Copyright © Diane R. Nelson

Copyright ©The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display CNIDARIA Class Anthozoa • Close-up of giant star coral (Montastrea cavernosa) during the day with polyps retracted • Common in the Caribbean Photo Copyright © Diane R. Nelson

Copyright ©The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display CNIDARIA Class Anthozoa • Close-up of giant star coral (Montastrea cavernosa) with polyps extended at night to feed on plankton • Common in the Caribbean Photo Copyright © Diane R. Nelson

Copyright ©The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display CNIDARIA Class Anthozoa • Banded tube-dwelling anemone (Arachnanthus nocturnus) from Bonaire • Cerianthid, or burrowing anemone • Nocturnal, Caribbean Photo Copyright © Diane R. Nelson

Copyright ©The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display CNIDARIA Class Anthozoa • Sea pen (Pteroeides sp. ) from the Solomon Islands • This is a colony that lives anchored in the sand, turning at right angles to the prevailing current Photo Copyright © Diane R. Nelson

Phylum Ctenophora – Comb Jellies • Gelatinous, radial symmetry • 8 rows of cilia “combs” • 2 sticky colloblasts

Colloblasts (sticky cells) on tentacles

Copyright ©The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display CTENOPHORA Class Tentaculata • Comb jelly from Roatan, Honduras • Does not sting since it has no nematocysts as in cnidarians • Bioluminescent Photo Copyright © Diane R. Nelson