HOLT World History CHAPTER 15 THE HUMAN JOURNEY

HOLT World History CHAPTER 15 THE HUMAN JOURNEY The Renaissance and Reformation Section 1: The Italian Renaissance Section 2: The Northern Renaissance Section 3: The Protestant Reformation Section 4: The Catholic Reformation Section 5: Culture and Daily Life HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT Section 1: World History THE HUMAN JOURNEY The Italian Renaissance Objectives: l Identify the factors that led to the Italian Renaissance and describe the characteristics of Renaissance thought. l Explain how Renaissance writers combined classical teachings and Christian doctrine. l Describe how Renaissance art differed from art of the Middle Ages. 2 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT Section 1: World History THE HUMAN JOURNEY The Italian Renaissance An Era of Awakening l Causes l Ideas from Roman Empire l Byzantines and Arabs had preserved Greek and Roman learning l Used wealth from trade with Asia and Africa l Renaissance=rebirth 3 l Philosophical and artistic movement that began in Italy around 1350 and spread throughout Europe HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT World History Section 1: THE HUMAN JOURNEY The Italian Renaissance An Era of Awakening l Basis was the humanities l Humanists studied grammar, rhetoric, history, and poetry l Italian humanists revived interest in Greek and Roman culture l Also studied early Christian writings l Displayed a critical approach to learning l Verified information through investigation l Emphasized education 4 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT Section 1: World History THE HUMAN JOURNEY The Italian Renaissance Writers l Petrarch l studied classical writers, believed it is important to lead a full and active life here on earth l 1304 -1374 l Born near Florence l Considered the Father of the Renaissance 5 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT Section 1: World History THE HUMAN JOURNEY The Italian Renaissance Writers l Created a library to collect works of Greeks and Romans l Study of Greek and Roman writers became a Classical Education l Knowledge of Greek and Latin was the mark of an educated person. 6 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT Section 1: World History THE HUMAN JOURNEY The Italian Renaissance Writers l Machiavelli – lack of concern for conventional morality l Wrote The Prince l Written in 1513, published after his death l A handbook on political power l Concern was power and how to keep it l Rejected the idea that leadership should be based on Christian moral principles 7 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT Section 1: World History THE HUMAN JOURNEY The Italian Renaissance Artists l Realistic scenes and images instead of religious concerns l Depicted the Italian countryside l Leonardo da Vinci – The Last Supper and Mona Lisa 8 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT Section 1: World History THE HUMAN JOURNEY The Italian Renaissance Artists l Michelangelo l Sistine Chapel ceiling l Artists used perspective to make paintings more lifelike. 9 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT Section 1: Medieval Art #1 World History THE HUMAN JOURNEY 1. Define Perspective 2. Look at the bottom of the screen. The foot stool is supposed to look as if it is clearly in front of the chair. Is it? 3. Look at the people standing at the left and right. Do the feet look like one is farther behind, or do they look like they are standing on top of one another? 4. Does the painting look like a photo or cartoon? Why? 10 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT World History Section 1: Renaissance Art #1 THE HUMAN JOURNEY The School at Athens by Raphael 5. Look at pedestals on the sides, the steps, and the arches at the top. Is it easy to tell what is in front and what is behind? 6. Does this paining look like a photo or cartoon? Why? 11 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT Section 1: Medieval Art #2 World History THE HUMAN JOURNEY 7. What kind of job do you think this man has? Why? 8. Look at his hands. Do the fingers look realistic? Why or why not? 9. Does this paining look like a photo or cartoon? Why? 12 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT Section 1: Medieval Art #2 World History THE HUMAN JOURNEY Pope Julius II by Raphael 10. This painting has many little details. Which two were hardest to paint? Why? 11. Look at the face. How would you describe the mood or feelings? 12. Which of the last two paining is better at showing faces with real feelings? 13. Which of the last two paintings has brighter colors? 13 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT Section 2: World History THE HUMAN JOURNEY The Northern Renaissance Objectives: l Explain how the ideas of the Italian Renaissance spread to other parts of Europe. l Describe how northern Renaissance writers differed from Italian humanists. l List the principal characteristics of northern Renaissance art. 14 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT Section 2: World History THE HUMAN JOURNEY The Northern Renaissance The Spread of Ideas l New technology was the main reason for the rapid spread of information l Until 1440 s books were copied by hand l Early printing techniques: wood block printing l Used for posters and pamphlets 15 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT Section 2: World History THE HUMAN JOURNEY The Northern Renaissance The Spread of Ideas l Johannes Gutenberg – used movable type to print books, copies of Bible l Used metal type in combination with a wine press and sticky ink l Type slugs put into a metal frame and smeared with ink l Oldest book l The Bible (1452) 16 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT Section 2: World History THE HUMAN JOURNEY The Northern Renaissance Writers l Desiderius Erasmus l studied early Christian as well as classical culture l Wrote The Praise of Folly l Thomas More l Utopia l Executed by Henry VIII, became a saint 17 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT Section 2: World History THE HUMAN JOURNEY The Northern Renaissance Writers l William Shakespeare l transformed well-known stories into dramatic masterpieces l Romeo and Juliet, Macbeth, , Hamlet l Christopher Marlowe l Wrote plays based on human actions. 18 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT Section 2: World History THE HUMAN JOURNEY The Northern Renaissance Artists 19 l Peter Brueghel l Painted villages and criticized brutality l Hans Holbein l Interested in the individual l Portraits l Great attention to detail, facial expressions l Realistic human figures and subject matter HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT Section 3: World History THE HUMAN JOURNEY The Protestant Reformation Objectives: l Discuss the developments that led to the Reformation. l Describe how Martin Luther protested against the Roman Catholic Church and began a new church. l Identify the factors that caused the spread of Protestantism. l Explain the role that Calvinism played in the Reformation. 20 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT Section 3: World History THE HUMAN JOURNEY The Protestant Reformation An Era of Reform l Causes l humanists urged believers who were unhappy with traditional religion to withdraw from the church and meet with like-minded people l The beginning l popes sold indulgences to raise money 21 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT Section 3: World History THE HUMAN JOURNEY The Protestant Reformation Martin Luther l Luther’s protest l publicly challenged the selling of indulgences in 95 theses l 1483 -1546 l Father of the Reformation l Trained as lawyer, later became a priest l Questioned abuses of the church 22 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT World History Section 3: THE HUMAN JOURNEY The Protestant Reformation Martin Luther l Luther’s protest l publicly challenged the selling of indulgences in 95 theses l Break with the church l Pope Leo X ex-communicated Luther l Diet of Worms: an attempt to reconcile l Protestantism 23 l the princes supporting Luther protested the emperor’s HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON treatment of him

HOLT Section 3: World History THE HUMAN JOURNEY The Protestant Reformation The Spread of Protestantism l The rise of sects – societies of a few people led by a preacher l The Anglican Church – Henry VIII’s desire for a divorce caused him to create the Church of England which did grant the divorce 24 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT Section 3: World History THE HUMAN JOURNEY The Protestant Reformation Calvinism l Calvin’s church l The Institutes of the Christian Religion emphasized predestination, righteous living l Calvinism spreads l Huguenots in France, minorities in Poland, Hungary, Scotland, Netherlands, England, North American colonies 25 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT Section 4: World History THE HUMAN JOURNEY The Catholic Reformation Objectives: l Describe how the Catholic Church responded to the Reformation. l Discuss the results of the Reformation and the Counter-Reformation. 26 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT Section 4: World History THE HUMAN JOURNEY The Catholic Reformation The Counter-Reformation l Counter-Reformation tactics l Church did not take Luther seriously l Inquisition to root out heretics and keep people in the Church l. Index of Forbidden Books listed books about Protestant ideas 27 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT World History Section 4: THE HUMAN JOURNEY The Catholic Reformation The Counter-Reformation l The Council of Trent l clarified doctrines and emphasized ceremonies l Soldiers of the Counter-Reformation l Jesuits founded by Ignatius de Loyola l Spread Catholic teachings l Took vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience to the Pope l Taught a combination of humanism and Catholic ideas 28 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT Section 4: World History THE HUMAN JOURNEY The Catholic Reformation Results of the Religious Upheaval l Diversity of churches appeared l Catholics and Protestants did not tolerate each other’s views l Education grew l National governments gained more power 29 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT Section 5: World History THE HUMAN JOURNEY Culture and Daily Life Objectives: l Explain why Europeans believed in superstitions. l Describe the characteristics of daily life that were typical in Europe during the Reformation. l Explain how knowledge spread to European villages. l Identify the factors that caused changes in the daily lives of Europeans. 30 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT World History Section 5: THE HUMAN JOURNEY Culture and Daily Life Changing Times: Superstitions l The world of spirits l Believed in superstitions l believed God was a distant, unknowable force l people looked for explanations of and control over daily life l Belief in witchcraft l wise people who gave explanations were witches 31 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT Section 5: World History THE HUMAN JOURNEY Culture and Daily Life l New forms of recreation l people came together to drink, sew, do simple chores, or tell stories l Violence and protest in the village l close-knit communities l quarrels were common 32 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT Section 5: World History THE HUMAN JOURNEY Culture and Daily Life The Spread of Knowledge l Books for the masses l Broadsides (single sheets filled with news) l Traveling salesmen sold books on various topics l Almanacs were popular l Religious ideas and education l printed books became available l primary schools were founded 33 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT World History Section 5: THE HUMAN JOURNEY Culture and Daily Life Changes in Daily Life l The economy l standard of living rose for some l Peasants became legally free l Housing – people moved from country to cities; had only necessities l Able to charge higher wages l Moved to cities and towns for a better life 34 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT Section 5: World History THE HUMAN JOURNEY Culture and Daily Life Changes in Daily Life l Diet l new spices from the East l Vegetables from the New World l Agriculture became more advanced in NE Europe l Decline of traditional culture l rational thinking more widespread 35 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON