HOLT The American Nation IN THE MODERN ERA

HOLT The American Nation IN THE MODERN ERA Chapter 5 THE WESTERN CROSSROADS Section 1: War in the West Section 2: Western Farmers Section 3: The Cattle Boom Section 4: The Mining Boom 1 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT The American Nation IN THE MODERN ERA Section 1: War in the West Objectives: l Why did the U. S. government create the American Indian reservation system? l What were the sources of conflict between the Plains Indians and the U. S. government? l How did Chief Joseph, Geronimo, and Sarah Winnemucca respond to whites’ treatment of American Indians? l How did the U. S. government try to assimilate American Indians? 2 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT The American Nation IN THE MODERN ERA Section 1: War in the West The reservation system l created to serve desire for farmland gold l gave government control of American Indians l provided opportunity for assimilation of American Indians 3 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT The American Nation IN THE MODERN ERA Section 1: War in the West The Plains Indians and the U. S. government l conflicts over land reservations l conflicts over broken promises and treaties l conflicts over the Ghost Dance 4 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT The American Nation IN THE MODERN ERA Section 1: War in the West Chief Joseph’s response l agreed to move tribe to a reservation l fled from the U. S. Army and eventually surrendered 5 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT The American Nation IN THE MODERN ERA Section 1: War in the West Geronimo’s response l fled reservation with his tribe; raided settlements l eventually surrendered 6 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT The American Nation IN THE MODERN ERA Section 1: War in the West Sarah Winnemucca’s response l called attention to problems l made speeches; participated in political activities 7 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT The American Nation IN THE MODERN ERA Section 1: War in the West Assimilation attempts l establishment of reservations l creation of Indian schools l passage of the Dawes Act 8 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT The American Nation IN THE MODERN ERA Section 2: Western Farmers Objectives: l How did the U. S. government promote economic development in the West? l Why did people migrate west? l How did the environment influence farming practices and daily life in the West? l What difficulties did farm families face on the Great Plains? 9 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT The American Nation IN THE MODERN ERA Section 2: Western Farmers Promotion of economic development l Homestead Act permitted any citizen or intended citizen to have 160 acres of land. l Pacific Railway Act gave lands to railroad companies to develop the transcontinental railroad. l Morrill Act provided more than 17 million acres of land whose sale was to finance agricultural and engineering colleges. 10 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT The American Nation IN THE MODERN ERA Section 2: Western Farmers Migration west l White Americans sought cheaper lands or wanted to make a new start. l African Americans wanted to escape persecution in the South. l Scandinavians had “America Fever. ” l Irish moved west after building railroads. l Russian Mennonites moved after Russian czar ended their exemption from military service. l Chinese came during Gold Rush and turned to farming. 11 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT The American Nation IN THE MODERN ERA Section 2: Western Farmers Environmental influence l Lack of water and strong winds led to dry farming and irrigation. l Lack of trees led to use of buffalo manure as fuel and building material. l Harsh winters led to use of new varieties of wheat that withstood the weather. 12 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT The American Nation IN THE MODERN ERA Section 2: Western Farmers Difficulties for farm families l poor housing l blizzards and cold weather l droughts l insects l prairie fires l backbreaking work 13 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT The American Nation IN THE MODERN ERA Section 3: The Cattle Boom Objectives: l How did cattle and sheep ranching develop in the West? l What was life like for cowboys and residents of cattle towns? l What were ranches like? l Why did the cattle boom on the open range end? 14 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT The American Nation IN THE MODERN ERA Section 3: The Cattle Boom Development of cattle ranching l introduction of the Texas longhorn l expansion of eastern beef market 15 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT The American Nation IN THE MODERN ERA Section 3: The Cattle Boom Development of sheep ranching l introduced by Spanish l also done by American Indians l market expansion sparked by Gold Rush 16 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT The American Nation IN THE MODERN ERA Section 3: The Cattle Boom Cowboy life l demanding working conditions l isolation l trail drives 17 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT The American Nation IN THE MODERN ERA Section 3: The Cattle Boom Town life l busy from spring to fall from cattle drives l businesses attracted by the money that cowboys received at end of drive l families followed businesses 18 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT The American Nation IN THE MODERN ERA Section 3: The Cattle Boom Ranches l hard work for both genders l lonely l centered aroundup 19 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT The American Nation IN THE MODERN ERA Section 3: The Cattle Boom End of the cattle boom l cattle glut l invention of barbed wire l depletion of grass l bad weather 20 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT The American Nation IN THE MODERN ERA Section 4: The Mining Boom Objectives: l What role did mining play in bringing more people west? l How did the arrival of families change life in mining camps? l Why did large companies take over most mining operations, and how did this change the lives of miners? 21 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT The American Nation IN THE MODERN ERA Section 4: The Mining Boom Role of mining Mining attracted people to the West by presenting the possibility of great wealth. 22 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT The American Nation IN THE MODERN ERA Section 4: The Mining Boom Arrival of families l Families brought stability and transformed temporary towns into permanent ones. l Families brought law and order. l Families established churches, newspapers, schools, and cultural establishments. 23 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT The American Nation IN THE MODERN ERA Section 4: The Mining Boom Takeover by large companies l It was expensive to mine the deep, less accessible deposits. l Technology rather than luck required to locate deposits. l Miners became laborers for corporations rather than self-employed individuals. l Working conditions in mines were dangerous. l Some miners formed unions to get better wages and working conditions. 24 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON