Holes Human Anatomy and Physiology Eleventh Edition Shier

Hole’s Human Anatomy and Physiology Eleventh Edition Shier w Butler w Lewis Chapter 8 Copyright © The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1

• Articulations • Functional junctions between bones • Bind parts of skeletal system together • Make bone growth possible • Permit parts of the skeleton to change shape during childbirth • Enable body to move in response to skeletal muscle contraction 2

By degree of movement: • synarthrotic - immovable • amphiarthrotic - slightly movable • diarthrotic - freely movable 3

By Structure: • Fibrous Joints • dense connective tissues connect bones • between bones in close contact • Cartilaginous Joints • hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage connect bone • Synovial Joints • most complex • allow free movement 4

3 Types • Syndesmosis • Suture • Gomphosis Syndesmosis • a sheet of fibrous tissue • amphiarthrotic • Ex: between tibia and fibula 5

Suture • between flat bones • synarthrotic • found in Skull Gomphosis • cone-shaped bony process in a socket • synarthrotic • Ex: tooth in jawbone 6

2 Types • Synchondrosis • Symphysis Synchondrosis • bands of hyaline cartilage unite bones • Synarthrotic • Ex: at epiphyseal plate (temporary) & between manubrium and first rib 7

Symphysis • pad of fibrocartilage between bones • amphiarthrotic • Ex: pubis symphysis & between vertebrae 8

• includes most joints • diarthrotic 9

• parts include • joint capsule • joint cavity • synovial membrane • synovial fluid • articular cartilage • some also have • bursae • menisci Ligaments – collagenous fibers that reinforce joint capsule 10

Surgical Removal Of Torn Meniscus

Ball-and-Socket Joint • Widest range of motion • Ex: hip & shoulder Condyloid Joint • motion in different planes but no rotation • Ex. between metacarpals and phalanges 12

Gliding Joint • Sliding & twisting • Ex: between carpals & tarsals Hinge Joint • Flexion & extension • Ex: elbow & between phalanges 13

Pivot Joint • rotation • between proximal ends of radius and ulna Saddle Joint • 2 plane movements • between carpal & metacarpal of thumb 14

• abduction/adduction – to/away from midline • dorsiflexion/plantarflexion – bending foot up/down • flexion/extension/hyperextension - increase/decrease angle between bones 15

• supination/pronation – palm in anatomical position vs. palm toward back 16

• elevation/depression – raising/lowering 17

Cleidocranial Dysplasia

Sprains • damage to cartilage, ligaments, or tendons associated with joints • forceful twisting of joint Bursitis • inflammation of a bursa • overuse of a joint Arthritis • inflamed, swollen, painful joints • Rheumatoid Arthritis • Osteoarthritis • Gout 19

• Joint stiffness is an early sign of aging • Changes in symphysis joints of vertebral column diminish flexibility and decrease height • Synovial joints lose elasticity • Disuse hampers the blood supply • Activity and exercise can keep joints functional longer 20