Holding Procedures Overview What is a Hold Holding

Holding Procedures

Overview • What is a Hold? • Holding Fixes • Holding Clearances • Holding Techniques • Crosswind Correction • Timing Correction • Holding Speeds • Entries © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

What is a Hold JIC 5 -39 • Method of delaying airborne aircraft to help maintain separation for smooth traffic flow • When there are weather delays • When traffic becomes congested • At the end of published missed approaches • Used to climb in a departure procedure • Used at end of a flight plan if there is a loss of communications with ATC © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

Standard Holding Pattern • Racetrack shaped maneuver • Typically consists of two 1 -minute legs with standard rate turns in between them • Above 14, 000 feet, holds are flown at 1 ½ min legs • Legs can be designated with longer time or a specific distance • Standard – turns to the right • Non-standard – turns to the left © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved. JIC 5 -40

Holding Fix • • JIC 5 -40 Over a VOR or NDB Over an intersection or DME fix Over a GPS waypoint On an airway On a localizer On a departure On an arrival On an approach © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

Holding Pattern Clearance • Cardinal direction (“hold south of…”) • Holding fix (“the Melbourne VOR”) • Specified radial/course/airway (“on the 180 radial”) • Leg Length (“ 2 mile legs” if DME hold) • Left or right turns (“right turns” may be omitted) • Specified altitude (if different from current) • Expect Further Clearance (EFC) time © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved. IFH 10 -11

Further Instructions • ATC will issue further instructions if: • A revised EFC is necessary • Delay will be more than 1 hour • Weather changes at destination © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved. IFH 10 -11

Outbound and Inbound Timing JIC 5 -41 • The challenge is to make the inbound leg exactly 1 minute in length • Do this by adjusting the outbound leg for wind • If inbound leg is only 45 seconds, add the 15 seconds to the outbound leg • New outbound leg becomes 1 minutes and 15 seconds © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

Crosswind Corrections • If you fail to adjust the hold for crosswind, you may overshoot the inbound course or undershoot it • Therefore, you must adjust for crosswind • Determine the correction needed to maintain your inbound leg • Triple that correction for your outbound leg © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved. JIC 5 -42

Maximum Holding Speeds JIC 5 -44 • Speed limits are mandatory to limit the amount of airspace that ATC must protect • Minimum holding altitude: • 6000’ • 6001’ to 14, 000’ • Above 14, 000’ 200 KIAS 230 KIAS 265 KIAS • Start slowing to below maximum holding speed when within 3 minutes of the holding fix © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

Holding Pattern Entries • No entry is required – you may use any entry you wish • The following entries are recommended by the AIM • The entries are: • Direct • Teardrop • Parallel • Feel free to change adjust as needed • On the border of a teardrop and parallel, I always prefer teardrop © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved. JIC 5 -46

6 T’s Obj. Op. • Turn (to the specified heading according to entry) • Time (start you timing) • Twist (turn the OBS selector to the inbound course) • Throttle (if needed reduce power to conserve fuel) • Talk (report entering the hold at time and altitude) • Test (check the heading indicator to the compass) © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

Determining the Entry • Draw the fix, the radial and the direction of turns • On outbound leg, 1/3 away from fix mark a point • Draw line from fix to point, and line through course • Determine your position from fix and where you fall in © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved. JIC 5 -46

Direct Entry Procedure • Approaching the holding fix from anywhere in sector (c) • Pass over the station and turn directly to follow the holding pattern © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved. JIC 5 -46

Teardrop Procedure • Approaching the holding fix from anywhere in sector (b) • Pass over the fix, turn 30º toward the holding side • Fly for one minute • Then turn in the direction of the holding pattern to intercept the inbound course © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved. JIC 5 -47

Parallel Procedure • Approaching the holding fix from anywhere in sector (a) • Pass over the fix and turn parallel the outbound course • Fly outbound for 1 minute • Turn in the direction of the holding pattern more than 180 degrees, and return to the holding fix or intercept the holding course inbound © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved. JIC 5 -47

Holding Pattern Practice • You’re tracking to RIL VOR • “Hold west of the Horst intersection on Victor 8, 5 mile Legs, left turns, expect further clearance at 1430. ” • What type of entry? © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

Holding Pattern Practice • You’re tracking to RIL VOR on V 8 • “Hold East of the RIFLE VOR on the 090 radial, expect further clearance at 1215. ” • What type of entry? © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

Holding Pattern Practice • You’re tracking to RIL VOR on V 8 • “Hold East of the RIFLE VOR on the 090 radial, left turns, expect further clearance at 1215. ” • What type of entry? © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

Final Thoughts on Holding Obj. Op. • Make sure you report established in the hold when you are established • ATC will keep airspace protected until you report established • After that, only a certain part of airspace is protected Protected Unprotected © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

References • JIC Jeppesen Instrument/Commercial: Guided Flight Discovery • Obj. Op. Objective Opinion • 14 CFR Federal Aviation Regulations • IFH Instrument Flying Handbook (FAA-H-8083 -15 A) • IPG Jeppesen Instrument Procedures Guide • L-Chart No formal description in text, but found on L-Charts © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.