HLTAAP 002 Confirm Physical Health Status Lesson 10

HLTAAP 002 Confirm Physical Health Status Lesson 10 Urinary System

Describe the components of the urinary system Explain the functions of the kidneys Learning Outcomes Describe organs associated with kidneys Describe a nephron Describe process of micturition Describe the effects of aging on urinary system Conditions of the Urinary System

Urinary System • 2 x Kidneys • 2 x Ureters • 1 x Bladder • 1 x Urethra Functions: - Formation of Urine - Excretion of Waste - Secretion Erythropoietin & Renin http: //basicmedicalkey. com/the-urinary-system/

Kidneys • Right kidney lower than left. • Bean shape • 150 gm weight • Protected by renal fat • Renal Fascia http: //basicmedicalkey. com/the-urinary-system

Main Functions: Functions of the Kidney • Excretion • Removal and Elimination of waste • Regulation and homeostasis • Acid-Base Balance (p. H) • Electrolyte Composition in Body fluids

Organs associated with the Kidneys Right Kidney Left Kidney • Right Adrenal Gland • Left Adrenal Gland • Right Lower Lobe of the Liver & Duodenum • Spleen, Stomach, Pancreas, Jejunum • Diaphragm and part of abdominal wall.

Structure of Kidney • Fibrous Capsule • Cortex-outer • Medulla-Inner • Hilum • Renal Papilla • Minor & Major Calyx • Renal Pelvis • Peristalsis http: //basicmedicalkey. com/the-urinary-system

The Nephron • Glomerular Capsule • Glomerulus • Proximal Convoluted Tubule • Medullary Loop • Distal Convoluted Tubule • Collecting Duct http: //basicmedicalkey. com/the-urinary-system

Formation of Urine – Filtration – Reabsorption –Secretion http: //basicmedicalkey. com/the-urinary-system

Hormones that influence Selective Reabsorption • Parathyroid Hormone • Antidiuretic Hormone • Aldosterone • Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP) http: //basicmedicalkey. com/the-urinary-system

Composition of Urine • Specific Gravity of urine 1020 – 1030 • Water 96% • p. H 6. 0 • Uric Acid ) • Creatinine ) • Ammonia ) 2% • Sodium ) • Potassium ) • Excrete 1000 – 1500 m. L per day • Chlorides ) • Phosphates ) 2% • Sulphates ) • Oxalates ) • Urea 2%

Normal Vs Abnormal Constituents NORMAL ABNORMAL • Nitrogenous Waste Products. Urea, Uric Acid, Creatinine • Glucose • Electrolytes • Blood • Pigment • Albumin • Ketones • White Blood Cells • Casts

Cellular metabolism Water Balance Excreted in urine, faeces, expired air, skin Body waste products – 500 m. L per day Antidiuretic Hormone

Electrolyte Imbalance Changes occur to: - Body water content - Electrolyte Levels • Sodium & Potassium • Renin-Angiotensin Aldosterone System • Hypertension http: //basicmedicalkey. com/the-urinary-system

Ureters Structure Function • Fibrous Tissue –Outer • Peristaltic waves send spurts of urine along ureter towards bladder • Smooth Muscle-Middle • Mucosa - Inner

Urinary Bladder • Reservoir • Located in Pelvic Cavity • Pear shaped • Base & Neck • Three Layers • Detrusor Muscle • Rugae • 600 m. L • Trigone • Two Sphincters

Striated Muscle- Outer Urethra Neck of Bladder to exterior Smooth Muscle – Inner Autonomic Longer in male than female External Urethral Sphincter

The process of expelling urine (voiding) Urination or Micturition Both Voluntary and Involuntary controlled Internal Urethral Sphincter External Urethral Sphincter Stretch receptors send impulses Motor impulses stimulate contraction

Nephrons declines Aging effects on the Urinary System Glomerular Filtration rate falls Renal tubules less efficient Detrusor muscle declines Incontinence is high Enlargement of prostate causing urine retention.

Diabetic Nephropathy Damage to small blood vessels in Kidney Conditions of Urinary System Complication of Diabetes Mellitus Risk Factors: Smoking & Hypertension S & S - Renal Failure progression. Catabolism of insulin, oedema, irritability, headache & Fatigue, Haematuria Medications, Diet,

Cystitis Conditions of Urinary System Inflammation of the bladder Clinical Manifestations: Haematuria, Urgency & Frequency of Urination. Cloudy urine, Offensive odour, Abdominal Pain Risk Factors: Diabetes mellitus, UTI, Urinary Obstructions Antibiotics, symptom management.

Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) Conditions of Urinary System Cystitis / Urethritis Caused by bacterial infections travelling up urinary tract. Clinical Manifestations- Frequent pain, fever, Burning sensation on urination, frequency, urgency, nocturia, incontinence, Strong odour, back pain, Antibiotics, fluids and symptom management

Renal Calculi Known as Stones Conditions of Urinary System Two Types- Small Calculi & Staghorn Calculi Stones form in kidneys or bladder Caused by Calcium salts or uric acid Can obstruct urinary outflow. Predisposing factors: Dehydration, p. H, Infection and Metabolic conditions. Pass naturally or surgical removal or Lithotripsy

Oliguria Haematuria Medical Terminology Activity Proteinuria Anuria Dysuria Glycosuria Ketonuria Nocturia Polyuria

Ross & Wilson Anatomy & Physiology (2014) 12 th ed. A, & Grant A. , Churchill Livingstone Elsevier References Memmlers The Human Body In Health and Disease (2013) 12 th Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Andrew Huttons – An Introduction to Medical Terminology for Health Care. Self teaching package – (2017) 5 th ed.