History of Wind Power Large Wind Systems Range

History of Wind Power

Large Wind Systems Ø Range in size from 100 k. W to 2 MW Ø Provide wholesale bulk power Ø Require 13 mph average wind sites

Technology Overview - Large Wind Projects Ø Projects operating at greater than 35% capacity factors at good wind sites Ø Over 98 -99% availability Ø Select projects are delivering power ~ 3 cents/k. Wh (with Production Tax Credit)

Levelized Cost of Energy (cents/k. Wh) Cost of Energy - Large Wind Projects 12 10 8 6 4 2 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

Fastest Growing Energy Source in the World Source: Worldwatch Institute 2000 Global growth by energy source, annual average 1990 -1999

Taking Off Worldwide Wind Leaders: 1. Germany 2. United States 3. Spain 4. Denmark 5. India Total (end of 2000): nearly 17, 000 MW Based on information supplied by International Energy Agency.

2000: A Year for Market Innovations Ø Several companies begin selling green power certificates Ø Several states see first largescale wind power project: PA, NY, TN Ø Texas RPS fuels building boom

2001: Wind Power Expected to Take Off Ø US Wind Capacity expected to nearly double by the end of 2001 Ø The Northwest will see the largest US wind project to date with the Stateline Wind Farm (300 MW)

An All American Resource Rank World Class Wind Potential Germany’s Potential: 100 GW North Dakota’s Potential: 250 GW 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 State North Dakota Texas Kansas South Dakota Montana Nebraska Wyoming Oklahoma Minnesota Iowa Colorado New Mexico Idaho Michigan New York Illinois California

Drag Device

Giant Brush Windmill (1887 – 1900 s) Ø Charles Brush Ø Automatically operated Ø Dynamo Ø Charged batteries Ø Provided light

Earliest Use Ø May be sail boats Ø Persia 500 - 900 A. D. - Drag, Vertical Axis Device - Panemone - Grain Grinding & Water Pumping Ø China 1219 A. D. - Grain Grinding & Water Pumping Ø Crete - Water pumping for livestock.

Windmills of Western World (1270 Mediterrean Coast) Ø Horizontal Axis with Sail Wings Ø Higher Efficiency Ø Wooden Cogs and Ring Gears to Transmit Power.

Halladay Fan-Type Windmill (1854 in U. S. ) Ø Water Pumping Windmill Ø Pumping water for livestock. Ø Relatively light, steel blades with aerodynamic shape. Ø Blades hinged to fold in high winds. Ø Tail to track wind direction.

Windmill with Pitch Change Mechanism

Palmer Putnam’s Windmill

Darrieus Machine (1973) Ø NASA sponsored research during oil crisis. Ø No tower and major equipment at ground level. Ø Marketed by Flo Wind Ø Failed to withstand forces during high winds Ø Never caught on.

Early, Large 2 MW Machine (Early 1980 s. ) Ø Developed by NASA. Ø Response to problem with downwind machine of Ulrich Hutter. Ø Large loads. Ø Noisy. Interfered with communications. Ø Tested in Boone, NC and Hawaii.

Another Early MW Machine

Federal Wind Test Center (1974 -1981) Ø Tested Small & Intermediate Wind Turbines Ø Culled bad designs. Ø Bergie Design is spinoff. Ø UTRC's Composite, Flexbeam Rotor Ø NREL assumed control in 1989.

Danish Machines (1942) Ø F. L. Smidth early designs Ø Three Blade Upwind Machine Ø Hybrid wind & diesel systems. Ø DC Generator

Vester Egesborg Turbine (1950 s) Ø Johannes Juul Ø Student of Poul La Cour Ø First ac machine.

Gedser Wind Turbine (1956 -1957) Ø Johannes Juul Ø Electromechanical Yawing Ø Asynchronous Generator Ø Stall Controlled Ø Special brakes for overspeed conditions.

The Riisage Turbine

Competing Turbine Engines

The Tvind 2 MW Machine

Bonus 20 KW

Danish Domination of 1990 s Ø Slow, steady growth in Europe & Asia Ø Mid-range machines Ø Reliable with high availabilities. Ø Conservative, Lower Efficiency Ø American Company - Zond emerged Ø Green Power, State RPS program, & Tax credits kickstarted American Market in late 1990 s.

Great California Wind Rush (1980 s) Ø Tax Credit based on installed capacity. Ø Lots of bad wind turbines installed. Ø Lot of turbines were inoperable and had high O&M. Ø Conservative, Danish machine emerged.

Avedore Wind Farm, Denmark

Middelgrunden Wind Farm

Tuno Knob Offshore Wind Farm

Vindeby Wind Farm

TVA History Ø In 1980 s • Tested a 2 MW machine. • • – numerous problems Tested small machines at various locations. Conducted extensive siting Ø 2000 • • • Re-examined earlier work Meso scale computer modeling Sodar development Monitoring Walk-throughs Ø October 2000 • Commissioned 2 MW project on Buffalo Mountain

Future of Wind Power Ø Expect cost to continually drop ($0. 02/kwh by 2010) • • Taller towers Increased efficiency, less expensive blades – wood composite • Drive trains – Direct drive – Power electronics • Revolutionary change – The Wind Power Company down 2 blade machine • Larger size (1. 5 – downwind 3. 0 MWs)

Future of Wind Power - continued Ø AWEAs estimates 100, 000 MW in USA by 2020. Ø Transport of wind power from plains states. Ø Off shore wind development

Future for the Tennessee Valley Ø Ø Ø Taller towers Self erecting towers Different Power Test procedures Sodars for wind resource measurements Low wind speed turbines Energy storage

TVA’s Plans Ø Ø Ø RFP for wind power on Buffalo Mountain. Online by December 2003. Prefer Power Purchase Agreement. Expansion for Green Power Switch. May partner with neighboring utilities.