History of Psychology Aristotle before 30 BC Greek

History of Psychology: Aristotle, before 30 BC Greek naturalist and philosopher who theorized about learning, memory, motivation, emotion, perception, and personality.

René Descartes: 1596 -1650 n n Originated the concept of Dualism, viewed mind and body as interactive machines. Stated that the mind could follow body and vice versa. Proposed the idea of both voluntary and involuntary behavior. Ruled out areas other than the brain for mental functioning.

John Locke: 1632 -1704 Knowledge should be acquired by careful observation. n No innate ideas: all knowledge comes from experience or reflection. n Mind is a blank slate written on by experience (tabula rasa). n

Charles Darwin: 1850 s Studied the evolution of finches and expands his study to include humans. n Opposed religious teachings of the time by suggesting that man was a common ancestor to lower species. n

Birth of Psychology Wilhelm Wundt: Father of Psychology 1879: Leipzig, Germany. n Intended to make psychology a reputable science. n Many American psychologists eventually went on to study in Leipzeig. n

Wilhelm Wundt: Father of Psychology Most of his experiments on sensation and perception. n Did not think that high order mental processes could be studied experimentally. n Trained in medicine and philosophy. n Wrote many books about psychology, philosophy, ethics, and logic. n

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Introspection Looking inward at one’s own mental processes. n. Because it is not objective, it fails miserably. n

E. B. Titchener Wundt’s student. n Taught at Cornell University. Studied nature of mental experiences. n Structuralism: Analyze sensations, images and feelings into their most basic elements. n

William James: 1842 -1910 n n n Claimed that searching for building blocks was a waste of time because brain and mind are constantly changing: focused on function. Functionalism. Underlying causes and practical consequences of certain behaviors and mental strategies: “Stream of Consciousness. ” Expanded psychology to animal behavior.

Herman Ebbinghaus 1885 Published classic studies on memory, nonsense syllables, learning curve.

American Psychological Association (APA) Founded in 1892: the governing body of all research not conducted by universities.

Eclecticism Utilizing of diverse theories and schools of thought. n Mosaic, no single approach can create the whole picture. n Unlikely for psychology to ever have a unifying paradigm. n Grand theories replaced by more specific ones. n

Fields in Psychology n Group activity:

Schools of Pscyhology

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The Gestalt School n n n Based on the idea that perceptions are more than the sums of their parts Instead of “parts”, they are wholes that give shape, or meaning, to the parts. Ex: the previous song

Psychological Perspectives Today

Behavioralism Behavioral Perspective: Focus on the influence of environment on behavior. All behavior is observable and measurable.

Behaviorism Ivan Pavlov, 1849 -1936. n Russian experimenter who showed automatic/involuntary behavior in learned responses to specific stimuli in the environment. n Created “Classical Conditioning. ” n

Behaviorism John Watson, 1913. n Psychology can never be as objective as chemistry or biology. Consciousness is not that easy. n “I can take a child and make him into anything, a beggar, a doctor, a thief. ” n

Behaviorism B. F. Skinner, 1950’s. n Dismissed importance of inherited traits and instincts about human behavior. Private events can be studied as long as they are treated as a form of behavior, many experiments with learning and memory. n Believed that all behavior is a result of rewards and punishments in the past. n

Behavioristic Theory Social Learning Theory: How people acquire new behaviors by observing and imitating others (modeling). n Criticisms: Excluded all behavior that cannot be seen. All behavior cannot be explained by rewards and punishments. Treats people like robots as if they have no free-will. n

Psychoanalytic Theory Focus on how unconscious motives influences behavior. n All behavior is meaningful, and much of it is controlled by digging below the surface to uncover the roots of personality. n Sigmund Freud!!! (Da MAN!) n

Psychoanalytic Theory n n Sigmund Freud, 1856 -1939. Studied neurology, but wanted to be a medical researcher, forced into being a private physician. Became convinced that patients difficulties were due to mental rather than physical problems. Proposed that distress due to problems that dated back to childhood.

Siggy Freud n n Psychoanalysis: Freud’s method for treating people with emotional problems, free association. Unconscious: Nearly all of our impulses are sexual and aggressive in nature. Because we cannot accept them in our conscious, thoughts find their expression in dreams, slips of the tongue that appear as accidents, and even jokes.

Psychoanalytic Theory n Aggressive energy: Basic human instinct lodged in unconscious; the duty of society is to get people to channel their aggressive energy into productive activity. If not, aggression is released and violent activities occur.

Psychoanalytic Theory Hidden Desires: Freud stated that people are “cesspools of hidden desires. ” n Unresolved Conflicts: If these occur in childhood, this will cause fixations in later life. (Stages) n

Psychoanalytic Theory n n n Freud’s Stages: Oral (Birth - 1 yr. ), anal (1 yr. ), phallic (4 yrs. - separates males/females), latency (Puberty), genital (adult) 3 Personalities: Id, Ego, Superego: Id: Wants/Desires, Basic primal instincts. “Pleasure Principle” Ego: “Reality Principle” Superego: Conscious mind. “Do the right thing. ”

Psychoanalytic Theory: Criticisms n n n Does not focus on observable behavior, negative viewpoint of mankind because actions are provoked by unconscious thoughts, cannot be scientifically proven or disproven. Ignores political and social explanations of people’s problems. Currently focuses on perceptions, memories, and thinking in our unconscious (Psychodynamic theory).

Humanistic Theory 1950’s-60’s: Emphasize free-will, people not completely ruled by environment or past experience, able to control one’s own choices and destinies to achieve full human potential.

Humanistic Theory Abraham Maslow: Hierarchy of Needs: People’s struggle is to be the best they possibly can, known as self-actualization. n Carl Rogers: Former minister; believed all people strive for perfection; some interrupted by a bad environment. n

Humanistic Theory Human Potential: Everyone striving to reach their highest potential. n Criticisms: Believes all people are good and that people have the ability to heal themselves. Too vague, more of a philosophy for life than a psychology. n

Biopsychological (Neurobiological) n n n Focuses on the influence of biology on behavior Seeks to understand the nervous system. All actions, feelings associated with the nervous system. Wilhelm Wundt: Expected psychology to rest almost solely on Anatomy and Biology. Interested in how bodily events interact with events in the external environment to produce perceptions, memory and behavior. Roger Sperry won Nobel-Prize for his Split. Brain research.

Biopsychological (Neurobiological) n n n Nervous System: Responsible for our behavior; Specifically abnormal and immediate responses. Anatomy/Biology: Solely responsible for human behavior. Criticisms: Ignores mental processes. Explains too little of human behavior, rejects environmental influences.

Cognitive Theory n n Thinking: Focuses on how mental thoughts affect behavior. Studies how we attend, perceive, think, remember, solve problems and arrive at beliefs. Know what’s going on in people’s heads first, then applies it to their behavior. Jean Piaget: studies children’s cognitive development.

Cognitive Theory Thought Processes: Can infer mental processes from observable behavior. n Remember Gestalt Psychology: means “pattern” or “whole. ” Studies how people interpret sensory information in order to acquire knowledge. n “The whole is larger than the sum of its parts” n

Cognitive Theory: Criticisms Downplays emotion, too mentalistic, hard to decide between competing cognitive explanations. n Strong approach today. n

Sociocultural Psychology Examines how cultural and political (religious) experience effect our everyday life. n Gender influences of behavior. n Job opportunities to influence people’s goals and ambitions. n

Sociocultural Psychology It is NOT intrapsychic: Within the mind or self. n Cultural Values/Political Systems: How norms and social influences affect behavior. n

Sociocultural Psychology Ambition/Goals/Values: Environments influence on one’s long -term ambitions. n Criticisms: Underestimated personal and overestimated social influences on our behavior. Makes broad generalizations about ethnic groups and cultures. n

Jobs in Psychology

Clinical Psychologists n n n Help people with psychological problems, such as anxiety, depression, or severe psychological disorders Clinical psychologist help their clients overcome problems and adjust to the demands of life. They also help people with problems in their relationships, addictions, or weight control.

Clinical Psychologists continued…. n n Clinical psychologists are trained to evaluate psychological problems through use of interviews and psychological tests Then they help clients understand resolve their problems by changing ineffective or harmful behaviors.

Psychiatrists n n A psychiatrist is a MEDICAL DOCTOR. They specialize in treatment of psychological problems and can PRESCRIBE MEDICATION

Counseling Psychologists n n Typically treat people with adjustment problems rather than those with serious psychological disorders n Ex: n Struggling making a decision about ones career n Having difficulty making friends n Having conflicts with family members, teachers, employers, etc n Dealing with parents’ divorce Counseling psychologists help people identify their goals, overcome adjustment problems, and meet challenges

School Psychologists n n School psychologists help identify and help students with problems by talking with teachers, parents, and the student themselves. They may also administer tests such as intelligence tests and achievement tests. School psychologists help identify and assist students with special needs, learning difficulties or disorders, and students who may be academically gifted. In many school districts school psychologists help place students in certain classes to help them be successful

Education Psychologists n n They are concerned with helping students learn, but focus more on planning and instructional methods for an entire system They are concerned with theoretical issues that relate to how we measure student abilities, learning, and development They help decide which tests are most effective in determining student success. They also help consider how certain items on tests or certain instructional methods in the classroom account for student differences and promote their success.

Developmental Psychologists n n Study the changes that occur throughout a person’s lifespan Include: n n Physical changes emotional changes Cognitive changes social changes They also look at how heredity (genes) and the environment influence a person’s development

Personality Psychologists n n n Identify characteristics or traits Looks for different traits people have and then study these traits They share this information with clinical psychologists who are interested in the origins of certain psychological disorders

Social Psychologists n n n n Concerned with people’s behavior in social situations Look at how men and women act in same settings/ different settings What attracts people to one another Why people tend to conform to groups standards and expectations How people change in groups What effects prejudice Why people act aggressive or why people help others in certain situations

Experimental Psychologists n n Conduct research into basic human processes such as the nervous system Engage in basic research n n Has no immediate application, but is done for its own sake Their findings are often put into practice by other psychological specialists.

Industrial Psychologists n n Focus on people and work Improve working conditions Job satisfaction Help people who have problems on the job

Environmental Psychologists n Focus on the way in which people influence and are influenced by their environment.

Consumer Psychologists n Study behaviors of shoppers to explain and predict their behavior

Forensic Psychologists n n n Work within the criminal justice system Can testify about the psychological competence of a defendant They may be called to explain how psychological problems can give rise to certain criminal behaviors Help select police officers Train police officers in handling dangerous situations such as suicide threats, hostage crises, and family violence

Health Psychologists n n n May study the effects of stress on health problems such as headaches and heat disease Try to explain why some people follow doctors advice and some disregard it Help people adopt helpful lifestyle changes such as exercising