History of Plant Tissue Culture 1861 Knop Knops

History of Plant Tissue Culture 1861 Knop: Knop’s solution, inorganic salt nutrition

1902 Haberlandt (Austria): Cultivate isolated plant cells in vitro on an artificial medium Concept of “ Totipotency ” Plants can be separated into their component parts ( organs, tissues, or cells ), which can be manipulated in vitro and then grown back to complete plants. Father of Plant Tissue 1922 Kotte (student of Haberlandt): Culture Improve medium : sugar, Organic N-compounds

1922 Robbins (USA) : Root tip culture - Pisum , Zea , and Gossypium First success of culturing plant tissue in vitro 1923 Robbins & Maneval: Maintained maize roots for 20 weeks subcultures 1926 Went: Discovery of auxin 1933 Kogl, Haagen-Smit & Erxleben : Isolation of IAA (indo-3 -acetic acid) with the aid of

Gautheret 1932 Gautheret : Root tip & root fragment culture 1934 Gautheret: Cambium culture ( woody plant ) It can be maintained several months 1937 Gautheret: IAA promotes root growth 1939 Gautheret: Carrot explants develop to undifferentiated mass (callus) and it can be maintained by repeated subculture

1932 Root tip culture - Triticum White 1934 Indefinite culture of isolated roots Tomato - subculture / 7 days 1936 160 passages Importance of vitamin B complex in root culture ( use yeast extract ) 1939 Procambial tissue culture callus ( Nicotiana ) from small leaf and shoot 1942 Tumor culture callus without hormone

Steward 1950 Steward: Carrot culture : Quantitative analysis of culture growth Discovered embryogenesis in vitro 1955 Steward & Shantz (in Cornell): Carrot root phloem in liquid medium single cell suspension 1958 Whole plant ＊ Prove the concept of totipotency

Carrot plants from root cells (Stewart, 1964)

1952 Morel & Martin: First virus-free plant through shoot tips culture ( Dahlia ) 1960 Shoot tip culture of Cymbidium ＊ Propagation many plants from one plant

1954 Muir, Hildebrandt & Riker (in Wisconsin) : Suspension culture by reciprocal shaker ( Nicotiana ) Single cell clone by nurse cell culture method

1955 Miller and Skoog Discovery of kinetin (the first cytokinin) Tobacco culture ---> bud formation 1957 Skoog & Miller : ＊ auxin / cytokinin balance in root or shoot formation high kinetin ---> shoot high auxin ---> root

Auxin / Cytokinin balance

1956 Nickell (Chas, Pfizer & Co. N. Y. ): Single cell suspension culture of Phaseolus vulgaris ＊ Idea of producing plant alkaloids from tissue culture 1957 Tulecke : Pollen culture of Ginkgo biloba 1960 Bergmenn : Plating culture Nicotiana tobacum & Phaseolus vulgaris Single cell suspension culture --> plating in 0. 6% agar medium, thin layer in petri dish --> cell divided to form colony

1960 Cocking : (UK) Enzymatic isolation and culture of protoplast

1962 Murashige & Skoog : Tobacco tissue culture Mineral media: 1. Macro element 2. Micro element included Fe 3. Vitamin ®Micropropagation ＊ Development of MS medium

Tobacco plants from single cells (Vasil & Hilderbrandt, 1965)

1964 Guha & Maheshwari : (India) Anther culture ---> haploid plant ( Datura ) ＊ One pollen grain ---> one plant 1968 Niizeki & Oono : (Japan) Haploid plant of rice ＊ Started for plant breeding

1971 Nagata & Takebe : (Japan) Plant regeneration from tobacco protoplast 1972 Carlson : Somatic hybrid plant from protoplst fusion Nicotiana glauca + N. langsdorffii ( 2 n = 24 ) ( 2 n = 18 ) Somatic hybrid (2 n = 42 )

Continue ………………… 1974: Zaenen (Ghent University, Belgium) Discovery of Ti plasmid in Agrobacterium tumefaciens 1970 -80 s: Nester (USA), van Montago (Ghent Univ. , Belgium) Ti plasmid analysis 1983: van Montago, Ghent University, Belgium) First transgenic plant. 1985: Monsanto (USA) Leaf disk transformation method (Monsanto)