History of Physical Chemistry The term physical chemistry

History of Physical Chemistry The term "physical chemistry" was first introduced by M. Lomonosov in 1752, when he presented a lecture course entitled "A Course in True Physical Chemistry" before the students of Petersburg(彼得斯堡） University.

History of Physical Chemistry • The first scientific journal specifically in the field of physical chemistry was the German journal, Zeitschrift für Physikalische Chemie, founded in 1887 by W. Ostwald and J. H. van 't Hoff. Together with S. A. Arrhenius. , these were the leading figures in physical chemistry in the late 19 th century and early 20 th century. All three were awarded with the Nobel Prize in Chemistry between 1901 -1909.

Wilhelm Ostwald

Jacobus van 't Hoff Svante Arrhenius

History of Physical Chemistry Modern physical chemistry originated in the 1860 s to 1880 s with work on chemical thermodynamics, electrolytes in solutions, chemical kinetics and other subjects. One milestone was the publication in 1876 by J. W. Gibbs of his paper, On the Equilibrium of Heterogeneous Substances. This paper introduced several of the cornerstones of physical chemistry, such as Gibbs energy, chemical potentials, Gibbs phase rule.

物理化学的重要性 S. L. Bigelow的说法 • Physical chemistry stands in the same relation to the subdivisions of chemistry in which philosophy stands toward all the sciences. Its main object is to unify thought within the science of chemistry; therefore, it might well be named, the “philosophy of chemistry” - S. L. Bigelow, 1912

Clausius的热寂说 the heat death of the Universe Clausius: the entropy of the universe strives towards a maximum. Born: 2 Jan 1822 in Koslin, Prussia (now Koszalin(科沙林), Poland) Died: 24 Aug 1888 in Bonn, Germany

Vienna, Austria. Boltzmann's Tomb in the Zentralfriedhof (Central Cemetery).

(Michael Faraday, 1791～ 1867年

贝采里乌斯的主要贡献 • Jöns Jacob Berzelius • 1779 -1848, Stockholm, one of the founders of modern chemistry. He is especially noted for his determination of atomic weights, the development of modern chemical symbols, the discovery and isolation of several elements, the development of classical analytical techniques, and his investigation of isomerism and catalysis.

Temperature scales

The relationships among the Kelvin, Celsius (centigrade), and Fahrenheit temperature scales.

thermodynamic temperature scale (K) • Does a temperature has an absolute zero, or 0 K? • From thermal motion of molecules, it should be at 0 K if the motion freeze. • From p. V=n. RT we can see that there is a naturallydefined zero on this scale. p→ 0， T→ 0. • one other fixed point need be defined. its value is set as 273. 16 K at the triple point of water. • This is known as the ideal gas temperature scale. It is identical to Kelvin temperature scale based on Carnot heat engine.

p versus T plots of the experimental data obtained from a constant-volume gas thermometer using four different gases at different (but low) pressures.