History of Modern American Science and Technology Zuoyue

History of Modern American Science and Technology Zuoyue Wang Spring 2009

Session 1 • Introduction • Course Outline • Current science policy

Why, What, How Do We Learn? • • Course design Learning objectives Two-Cultures Scientists with breadth Learning-Centered Approach Intentional Learning Creative Thinking Writing Skills

How to Write a Paper • Primary Sources • Secondary Sources • Mechanics

My Background • Professor, Department of History, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, CA 91768; Office phone: (909)869 -3872; email: zywang@csupomona. edu . On leave 2008 -2009 as Hixon-Riggs Visiting Professor in Science, Technology, and Society at Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, Harvey Mudd College, 301 Platt Blvd. , Claremont, CA 91711; zywang at hmc. edu. • • Specialties: History of science and technology, modern science in the US and China, US Cold War science policy, recent US history, Asian/Chinese Americans in science and technology. • www. csupomona. edu/~zywang

• New! Links on “Science and Technology in the Making of Modern China” (中国近现代 科技史国际研讨会), February 27 -28, 2009, at Harvey Mudd College, 301 Platt Blvd. , Claremont, CA 91711.

Course Links: • HST 202 US History since 1865; (Reviews #1, 2, 3, 4) HST 300 History Methods HST 347 US History since 1945 HST 408 History of American Science and Technology HST 423 Modern Science in World History (Sample Term Papers 1 and 2) HST 461 and 462 Senior Thesis HST 499 Weapons of Mass Destruction HST 501 Advanced History Methods HST 561 Readings in Modern U. S. History BUS/CLS 362, 452, 482 Cal Poly Pomona China Summer 2005 STS 179 US Science Policy (HMC Fall 2008) STS 179 Science and Society in Modern China (HMC Spring 2009) History of Modern American Science and Technology (GUCAS 2009)

Resources: • Citation Style and Tips on Writing; Tips on Writing Essay Exams; University Calendar Links on Primary Sources in US History and History of Science and Technology Sample Topics and Resources for HST 408, 423, and 461 Sample Senior Theses Grade Appeals Policy and Procedures Links to Other Useful Papers and Sites

Books: • In Sputnik’s Shadow: The President’s Science Advisory Committee and Cold War America (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2008). You can order it at RUP or Amazon, or read the Introduction. • Pioneering Asian Americans in Science and Technology (work in progress). Co-authored by Benjamin Zulueta. • Chinese American Scientists: A Transnational History (in early stage of development)

Recent Articles and Book Chapters: • “What Can We Expect from the New [Obama] Administration? ” Harvey Mudd College Magazine, Winter 2008, 16 -17. Co-authored by Richard Olson. • “History of Science and American Science Policy, ” Isis 99, no. 2 (June 2008): 365 -373. Co-authored by Naomi Oreskes. • “Science and the State in Modern China, ” Isis 98, no. 3 (September 2007): 558 -570. • “China Goes to the Poles: Science, Nationalism, and Internationalism in Chinese Polar Exploration. ” In Extremes: Oceanographer’s Adventures at the Poles, eds. Keith R. Benson and Helen M. Rozwadowski, 269 -302. Sagamore Beach, MA: Science History Publications, 2007. Available from this www. amazon. com link. Reviews in Oceanography and Isis. • “Physics in China in the Context of the Cold War, 1949 -1976. ” In a forthcoming collection of essays edited by Helmuth Trischler and Mark Walker on physics, funding, and institutions in the twentieth century.

• • • “Restructuring. ” In Storia della Scienza (history of science), v. 8, ed. Sandro Petruccioli (gen. ed. ), 553 -560. Rome: Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana, 2005. On the post-World War II international restructuring in science and technology. "Saving China through Science: The Science Society of China, Scientific Nationalism, and Civil Society in Republican China. " Osiris: A Research Journal Devoted to the History of Science and Its Cultural Influences 17 (2002): 291 -322. (A thematic issue on Science and Civil Society edited by Lynn K. Nyhart and Thomas Broman). Copyright History of Science Society and University of Chicago Press. “Science, Technology, and Foreign Policy. ” In Encyclopedia of American Foreign Policy: Studies of the Principal Movements and Ideas. Eds. Alexander De. Conde, et al. , v. 3, 443 -459. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 2002. Co-authored by Ronald Doel. “Chinese American Scientists and U. S. -China Scientific Relations: From Richard Nixon to Wen Ho Lee. ” In The Expanding Roles of Chinese Americans in U. S. -China Relations: Transnational Networks and Trans-Pacific Interactions, eds. Peter H. Koehn and Xiao-huang Yin, 207 -334. New York: M. E. Sharpe, 2002. A Chinese translation of the book appeared in 2004: “华裔美国科学家和美中科学关系：从尼克松 到李文和, ”　安金辉译，　孔秉德和尹晓煌编, 《美籍华人与中美关系》北京：新华出版 社， 2004年。

• • "'Ideologically Correct' Science: French Revolution, Soviet Union, National Socialism, WWII Japan, Mc. Carthyism, and People's Republic of China. " In Science and Ideology: A Comparative History, ed. Mark Walker, 35 -65. London and New York: Routledge, 2002. Co- authored by Michael Gordin, Walter Grunden, and Mark Walker. German translation appeared as "Ideologisch korrekte' Wissenschaft: Französische Revolution, Sowjetunion, Nationalsozialismus, Japan im Zweiten Weltkrieg, Mc. Carthy-Ära, Volksrepublik China, " In Uwe Hoßfeld and Rainer Brömer (eds. ), Darwinismus und/als Ideologie (Berlin: Verlag für Wissenschaft und Bildung, 2001), 29 -69. "Between the Devil and the Deep Sea: C. K. Tseng, Mariculture, and the Politics of Science in Modern China. " Isis 91, no. 1 (March 2000): 59 -88 (big — 6. 19 mb—pdf file from JStor). Co-authored by Peter Neushul. Copyright History of Science Society and the University of Chicago Press. Winner of the 2003 Derek Price/Rod Webster Prize from the History of Science Society. See also 李虎军, “科学史家笔下的曾呈奎. ” "US-China Scientific Exchange: A Case Study of State-Sponsored Scientific Internationalism during the Cold War and beyond. " Historical Studies in the Physical and Biological Sciences 30, pt. 1 (1999): 249 -277. Copyright University of California Press.

• "Responding to Silent Spring: Scientists, Popular Science Communication, and Environmental Policy in the Kennedy Years. " Science Communication: An Interdisciplinary Social Science Journal 19, no. 4 (December 1997): 141 -163. (2. 5 mg pdf file. ) Copyright Sage Publications. • "The Politics of Big Science in the Cold War: PSAC [President's Science Advisory Committee] and the Funding of SLAC [Stanford Linear Accelerator Center]. " Historical Studies in the Physical and Biological Sciences 25, pt. 2 (1995): 329 -356. Copyright University of California Press. • "The First World War, Academic Science, and the 'Two Cultures': Educational Reforms at the University of Cambridge. " Minerva: A Review of Science, Learning, and Policy 33, no. 2 (Summer 1995): 107 -127. Copyright Kluwer Academic Publishers.

• • Other Publications in English Chinese Publications (中文文章和报道) Book Reviews Conference Presentations and Invited Talks

• Activities Related to the 50 th Anniversary of Sputnik in 2007: • “Living in the Shadow of Sputnik, ” San Gabriel Valley Tribune (also printed in Pasadena Star-News and Inland Valley Daily Bulletin), online version on October 3 and print version on October 4, 2007. • Television interview on Sputnik, broadcast on Time Warner Cable. CNN Headline News Local Edition in Southern California, October 4, 2007. • Interviewed for David Olson, “How Sputnik Changed the Inland Area, ” The Press-Enterprise (Riverside, CA), October 4, 2007. • Featured in Dwayne Day, “Blue Skies on the West Coast: A History of the Aerospace Industry in Southern California, ” Space Review, August 20, 2007.

Education: • Ph. D, in History, University of California, Santa Barbara, 1994 • MS, in History of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China, 1985 • BS, in Physics, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China 1982

Experiences: • Cal Poly Pomona History Department, Assistant Professor, 1999 -2004; Associate Professor, 2004 - • UC Berkeley History Department, Visiting Lecturer, 1999 • UC Santa Barbara History Department, Visiting Lecturer, 1994 -98 •

Professional Services: • Chinese Journal for the History of Science and Technology Editorial Board Member, 2005 Isis Editorial Board Member, 2006 -2008. Historical Studies in the Natural Sciences Associate Editor, 2007 History of Science Society Margaret W. Rossiter History of Women in Science Prize Committee, 2008 -2010. National Science Foundation Graduate Fellowship Program panel member, 2007 -

Professional Honors: • 2003 Price/Webster Prize, History of Science Society. Co-recipient with Peter Neushul. • Visiting Fellow, Institute for the History of Natural Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, summers of 2002, 2004, and 2007. • Adjunct Professorship, Henan Normal University, 2008 -

Required Books Thomas P. Hughes, American Genesis: A Century of Invention and Technological Enthusiasm, 1870 -1970 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2004). (preview at Google Books and Amazon) • Zuoyue Wang, In Sputnik’s Shadow: The President’s Science Advisory Committee and Cold War America (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2008). (previews at Google Books and Amazon) • William Kelleher Storey, Writing History: A Guide for Students (New York: Oxford University Press, 2008). (Preview at Amazon. ) • In addition there will be online reading assignments.

Assignments • There will be frequent writing assignments and presentations, a term paper, and a final exam. • Good writing, attendance, and active participation in discussions count in this class as we aim to improve not only our historical knowledge but also our written and oral communication skills.

Term Paper • • You are required to write a paper on a topic related to the class and approved by Prof. Wang in advance. At the beginning of the class, try to thumb through the texts to get an overview of the topics we will be studying and think about what topics you would like to write on. Try to avoid big, overtly general topics, such as “A History of the Atomic Bomb. ” Instead, try to narrow it down to something like “Albert Einstein and the Atomic Bomb. ” Check out this link (www. csupomona. edu/~zywang/topics. html) on my website and read our Storey text for further suggestions. You are required to submit and discuss with Prof. Wang the topic and a one-paragraph write-up on your paper by the date indicated in the schedule below. Please also notice the due dates for a draft and the final version of your paper. The finished paper should be about 5 -8 pages, double-spaced, with 12 point font and one inch margin on all sides, printed on plain paper, stapled at the upper-left corner (no plastic cover or binding please). All writings in this class are evaluated for both grammar and content and there will be discussions of paper drafts later in the quarter. A good paper will have a clear thesis statement, supported by a narrative built on a variety of evidence such as scholarly books and articles, reports in newspapers or magazines, or oral history interviews. It can describe an event or individual, but should explain how that event or individual does or does not fit in the general themes of this class. See a sample paper by Melissa Mikanami on “The Space Shuttle Challenger Disaster of 1986. ”

Information Literacy beyond Wikipedia • As the open online encyclopedia becomes a popular source of information, we will learn how to use it effectively so we can benefit from its strengths while avoiding its pitfalls. It is an exercise in information literacy. • As a rule of thumb, you are encouraged to use it as a starting point of research but generally not as an end point. We will discuss why scholarly (peer-reviewed) books and articles, some of them maybe available online from our library’s databases, are preferred sources of information and analysis.

Worksheets and Discussions • Please complete the reading assignments before each session. To help you manage the reading assignments, a one-page worksheet is linked with each topic which you are required to fill out using a word processor and bring to class. • We will use these worksheets for in-class discussions where you will be asked to comment on assigned readings and raise your questions about them for discussions.

Examinations • There will be one final exam, which covers the whole class. • Before the exam, Prof. Wang will collect suggestions for questions from students.

Ground rules • • • Avoid late entry or early exit without instructor's prior authorization. Late works will be penalized by 1/3 letter grade per day, e. g. B to B- if one day late. Repeated, unexcused absences will considerably lower your grade for the class. Signing-in for another student on the attendance sheet when that student is absent is an act of misconduct subject to disciplinary actions. Cell phones should be turned off during class period; no text messaging—either sending or receiving—is allowed once class starts. Use of a laptop is allowed only for taking notes; no web browsing or any other use is allowed unless authorized specifically by instructor. In general, activities not related to this class are prohibited during class: e. g. , newspaper-reading, doing work for another class, and chatting with each other. If you do not use your GUCAS email account regularly, you will need to set it up so any email sent to your GUCAS account will be forwarded to an email address you do use regularly. Plagiarism and other misconducts: Presenting ideas and writing of others as one's own without proper credit or citation is a serious academic offense and will lead to automatic failure in this class and possible further disciplinary actions.

Grading (general guideline) • Attendance, Work Sheets, Participation in Discussions: 25%; Final Exam: 35%; Term Paper: 40%.

Topics and Reading Assignments (subject to change) • The lectures will cover only a few major events in depth but the students should read the texts to gain a comprehensive understanding of developments covered in class. Do all the assigned readings BEFORE each session and don’t forget to fill out and bring to class the Worksheet (click on it to get the form) for each session.

Week 1 Monday 6/8: Introduction; American science policy under Obama • Read: 王作跃，“为什么美国没有设立科技部? ”《科学文化评论》2005 年 第 2卷第 5期, 36 -49页; 王作跃，“当代美国科技政策的变迁：从卫星 危机到９．１１”，科技时报，２００７年９月４日；Richard Olson and Zuoyue Wang, “What Can We Expect from the New [Obama] Administration? ” Harvey Mudd College Magazine, Winter 2008, 1617; 郭凯，“展望美国新政府的科技政策”大众科技报，２００９年２ 月３日；read and watch Barack Obama, “The Necessity of Science, ” April 27, 2009, speech at the National Academy of Sciences; browse National Research Council, How People Learn (1990); John Cloud, “How the Stereotypes Defeat the Stereotyped” (“Why Your Memory May Not Be So Bad After All”), Time, June 1, 2009; read “Four Types of Learning, ” fill out “Learning Questionnaire, ” print it out and bring it to class. • • Video in class: The Telephone. •

Resources for term paper projects: • • • • • • • Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists (1945 -1999) White House Office of Science and Technology Policy President’s Council of Advisors on Science and Technology National Science and Technology Council House Committee on Science and Technology Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works National Science Foundation National Institutes of Health Department of Defense Department of Energy NASA Environmental Protection Agency National Institute of Standards and Technology Union of Concerned Scientists Federation of American Scientists National Academies of Science and Engineering (Issues in Science and Technology) American Association for the Advancement of Science (Science) American Institute of Physics (Physics Today) American Chemical Society (Chemical and Engineering News) American Institute of Biological Sciences IEEE Papers of the Presidents of the United States Foreign Relations of the United States

Wednesday 6/19 • Part 1: From inventors to technological systems • Read: Hughes, pp. 1 -24 (read), 15 -170 (browse), 170 -172 (read), 173 -183 (read). • Video in class: Edison's Miracle of Light • • Part 2: The debate over scientific management or Taylorism • Read: Hughes, 184 -203 (browse) • Video in class: Modern Times (first 20 minutes). • • Part 3: Henry Ford and mass production • Read: Hughes, 203 -248 (browse). • Video in class: Henry Ford • • Due: Tentative Term Paper Topic (a title and a paragraph of explanation).

Friday 6/21 • Part 1: The Manhattan Project • Read: Hughes, 353 -381 (browse); 381 -442 (read). • • Part 2: The use of the atomic bomb • Read: Truman Library—The Decision to Drop the Atomic Bomb; Wang, xi-22. • Video in class: Hiroshima: Why Was the Bomb Dropped. • Due: term paper bibliography. •

Week 2 Monday 6/24 • Part 1: Science and technology during the Cold War • Read: Wang, 23 -67 (browse); 71 -87 (read); 88 -198 (browse). • • Video in class: CNN Cold War: Sputnik. • Video in class: Dr. Wang interview on the 50 th anniversary (10/4/2007) of Sputnik. • • Part 2: How to write a history paper in English • Read: Storey book. Review: Citation Style and Tips on Writing • Due: One-page review of Storey book.

Wednesday 6/26 • • • Part 1: Modern environmental movement Read: Wang, 199 -218 (read). Hughes, 443 -472 (read). Video in class: Rachel Carson's Silent Spring Part 2: New technological enthusiasm and debate on global warming Read: Thomas Hughes, “Forward, ” American Genesis. Wang, 219310 (browse), 311 -324 (read); Naomi Oreskes, “The Scientific Consensus on Climate Change, ” Science 306 (December 3, 2004): 1686 and “Testimony…US Senate, ” December 6, 2006. Zuoyue Wang and Naomi Oreskes, “History of Science and American Science Policy, ” Isis 99, no. 2 (June 2008): 365373. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Climate Change 2007: Synthesis Report, 2007 • Video in class: Hot Politics. (lecture notes on global warming) •

Friday 6/28 • Part 1: Group discussion and presentation of term papers. Due: term paper draft. • • Part 2: US-China scientific exchange and Chinese American scientists • Read: Wang, "US-China Scientific Exchange: A Case Study of State-Sponsored Scientific Internationalism during the Cold War and beyond. " Historical Studies in the Physical and Biological Sciences 30, pt. 1 (1999): 249 -277. • Part 3: Tips on Writing History Essay Exams. Handout of final exam question.