HISTORY OF COMPUTERS Summarized and prepared by Prof
HISTORY OF COMPUTERS Summarized and prepared by: Prof. Marian A. Malig-on, MIM Prof. Cheryl R. Amante, MIM
The first computers were people! "Computer" was originally a job title: used to describe those human beings (predominantly women) whose job was to perform repetitive calculations required to compute such things as: navigational tables tide charts and planetary positions for astronomical almanacs.
Imagine you had a job where hour after hour, day after day, you were to do nothing but compute multiplications. Boredom would quickly set in, leading to carelessness, leading to mistakes. And even on your best days you wouldn't be producing answers very fast. Therefore, inventors have been searching for hundreds of years for a way to mechanize (that is, find a mechanism that can perform) this task.
The need to use devices to calculate to keep track of information has long been recognized by man. At some point of antiquity, our ancestors used some objects to represent digits since it is impossible to perform calculations beyond the limited scope of one’s fingers and toes.
The word “to calculate” is derived from the Latin word “calculus” which means “small stones”, suggests that pebbles or beads were used as illustrated by Chinese as early as 1200 A. D. (used in Egypt in 500 BC) for calculating data.
I. EARLY COUNTING AND CALCULATING DEVICES ABACUS NAPIER’S BONES SLIDE RULE
ABACUS • first man made computing device made up of beads, by moving the beads that have different positional significance on the rods • performs Addition and Subtraction. • were used by the Chinese around 200 B. C known as “saunpan”; in Japan it was known as “soroban”
A very old abacus Modern abacus Its only value is that it aids the memory of the human performing the calculation
The Abacus was so efficient that it spread far and wide and in some lands, it is still in use. The Abacus met competition as a computing tool in the 17 th century. During this era, European thinkers were fascinated by the challenge of making devices to aid in calculations.
NAPIER’S BONES JOHN NAPIER Scotchman, theologian, mathematician and designer of military weapons who discovered LOGARITHMS in 1614.
LOGARITHMS - a technology that allows multiplication to be performed via addition. The magic ingredient is the logarithm of each operand, originally obtained from a printed table. An alternative to tables, where the logarithm values were carved on ivory sticks are called Napier's Bones.
consists of segmented rods so that answer to multiplication is found by adding numbers in horizontally adjacent section invented in 1617.
SLIDE RULE William Oughtred English mathematician who combined Napier’s Table into a handy device for rapid calculation
Invented in late 1620 s (1632) that makes multiplication done faster. It is operated by sliding one ruler over the other.
II. MECHANICAL CALCULATING DEVICES ARITHMETIC ENGINE STEPPED RECKONER MECHANICAL LOOM DIFFERENCE MACHINE (DIFFERENCE ENGINE) ANALYTICAL ENGINE SCHEUTZ DIFFERENCE ENGINE
ARITHMETIC ENGINE BLAISE PASCAL French mathematician and experimental physicist, at age 19
better known as PASCALINE a cigar box sized, patterned after the abacus, but instead of using hands to move the beads or counters, using pegged wheels. Invented in 1642 for tax collection problems in France
FRONT REAR a mechanical adding machine that could ADD and SUBTRACT numbers up to 8 digits. performs computation by dialing a number of series of wheels.
STEPPED RECKONER GOTTFRIED WILHELM VON LEIBNIZ a German Philosopher and mathematician
an improvement of Pascal’s machine which is a form of calculator in 1674 for his father’s mercantile business it can add, subtract, multiply, divide and extract square roots.
Although stepped reckoner employed the decimal number system (each drum had 10 flutes), Leibniz was the first to advocate use of the binary number system which is fundamental to the operation of modern computers. He is considered one of the greatest of the philosophers but he died poor and alone.
When the age of industrialization spread throughout Europe, machines became regular fixtures in agricultural and production sites.
MECHANICAL LOOM JOSEPH MARIE JACQUARD A Frenchman
It uses punched cards that is used to weave fabrics in 1801 The invention was not a computer; its only contribution was the idea that a machine can do repetitious jobs 24 hours a day without subject to boredom.
noting the repetitious nature of the task requires weavers working on looms devised a stiff card with a series of holes punched in it. The card blocked certain threads from entering the loom and let other threads go on to complete the weave. It can weave flower design or any pictures of animals with ease.
The idea of using a punched card to store a pre determined pattern to be woven by the loom ingrained in the mind of Charles Babbage.
DIFFERENCE MACHINE CHARLES BABBAGE a French mathematician constructed a demonstration model based on the rotating wheel principle. His preliminary model was made with toothed wheels on shafts turned by a crank. The model was so received that he built a full scale working version.
Invented in 1822 Enlisting the aid of a prestigious association of scientists in England of the Royal Society, hem was able to get a grant from the British Government to construct a full scale working version. Expected to be finished in 3 years, Babbage however worked on it for 10 years with the engine growing more complex as he modified, enhanced and redesigned it. .
The British Govt. had decided then to withdraw its financial support. Despite the setback, Babbage kept going……… Babbage conceived on another machine in 1835. It can perform all mathematical calculations, store values in its “memory” and perform logical comparisons among values.
Babbage was the first person to conceived that a computing machine must be composed of an input device (he used a card reader), a memory (he called it “The Store”), a central processing unit (he called “The Mill”), and an output device (he used a printer”) making him to be called as “THE FATHER OF MODERN DAY COMPUTER”
He conceived of a machine that could direct to work by means of punched cards. The machine could store partial answers which are later used in performing additional operations. The machine could also print the results of its calculations. It was never built however all that exists of it are reams of plans and drawings and a small portion of the mill and printer built by Babbage’s son. .
What was the missing in Babbage’s dream was electronics-because technology at that time has not even thought of electronics.
LADY ADA AUGUSTA BYRON worked with Babbage when she was 27. She helped developed the instructions for doing computations for the analytical engine. She translated Charles ideas and she was better at explaining Charles machine than he was.
Her suggestions that punched cards could be prepared to instruct Babbage engine to repeat certain operations has led some people to call her ”THE FIRST COMPUTER PROGRAMMER. ”
SCHEUTZ DIFFERENCE ENGINE PEHR GEORG SCHEUTZ A Swedish Printer, Inventor and Translator
A modified version of Babbage Difference Machine A generous advice by Babbage where he finally saw the creation performed in London.
III. DEVELOPMENT OF ELECTRONIC COMPUTERS PUNCHED CARD MACHINES Atanasoff-Berry Computer MARK 1 (AUTOMATIC SEQUENCED CONTROLLED CALCULATOR ) COMPLEX NUMERICAL CALCULATOR Z 1 -Z 4 ENIAC ( Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) EDSAC ( ELECTRONIC DELAY STORAGE AUTOMATIC CALCULATOR) EDVAC (ELECTRONIC DISCRETE VARIABLE COMPUTER)
PUNCHED CARD MACHINES Herman Hollerith a German-American statistician
It adopted the punched card concept of Jacquard. It is developed for use by the U. S. Bureau of Census in tabulating and sorting data developed in 1886.
Preparation of punched cards for the U. S. census An operator working at a Hollerith Desk
THOMAS J. WATSON – the Founder of IBM. He had worked for the Tabulating Machine Company. But due to its differences of opinions on how to run the company with Hollerith, he resigned. In 1924, he went to form another company, IBM, and became giant in business market first as a supplier of calculators then as developer of computers.
Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC) JOHN VINCENT ATANASOFF a physics and mathematics professor at Iowa State College
Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC) CLIFFORD BERRY an American inventor A graduate student of John Atanasoff
first digital computer that The worked electronically. It made use of the base 2 or binary system. It had the capability of solving simultaneous equations in as many as 24 unknowns with a degree of accuracy. The idea came up to Atanasoff for linking the computer memory and associated logic - the basic concepts for the electronic digital computer developed in 1939.
MARK 1 (AUTOMATIC SEQUENCED CONTROLLED CALCULATOR ) Howard Aiken a pioneer in computing
developed in 1944 8 feet high and 55 feet long, made of streamlined steel and glass that weighed 5 tons. can perform division, multiplication, addition, and subtraction in a specified sequence determined by setting the switches.
the first general-purpose electromechanical computer
One of the primary programmers for the Mark I was a woman, Grace Hopper. Found the first computer "bug": a dead moth that had gotten into the Mark I and whose wings were blocking the reading of the holes in the paper tape. The word "bug" had been used to describe a defect since at least 1889 but Hopper is credited with coining the word "debugging" to describe the work to eliminate program faults.
COMPLEX NUMERICAL CALCULATOR GEORGE STIBITZ a research mathematician with Bell Telephone Lab. SAMUEL WILLIAMS Bell Switching Engineer
Can subtract, multiply and as well as add complex numbers. This calculator was presented to be used for remote controlled electromechanical computation. Stibitz realized that Boolean Logic (an idea developed by George Boole based on the Binary number system) can be used for circuitry of electromechanical telephone relays.
Z 1 -Z 4 KONRAD ZUSE an Engineer in Berlin built a sequence of general purpose computers in Nazi Germany.
The Z 1 Built in 1938 It had a keyboard for feeding problems into it. At the end of calculation, the answer was flashed on a board composed of many little bulbs.
Colossus dedicated to code breaking, and was routinely able to read coded Germany radio transmissions. But Colossus was definitely not a general purpose, reprogrammable machine.
Computers that used vacuum tubes are considered part of the 1 st gen. Though these computers used vacuum tubes, they were however developed by research teams in an academic setting mostly to see if the machine could be built and not to be sold to the open market. When World War II broke out, countries involved in the war intensified their scientific experiments to develop new technology. The nation with the more advanced technology had the edge of winning the war. Many projects on computer development went under way simultaneously during the period.
ENIAC ( Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) working for the Dept. of Defense of United States John Presper Eckert John Mauchly
Built in 1945, a machine built using electronics at the Moore School of Electrical Engineering of the Univ. of Pennsylvania
EDSAC ( ELECTRONIC DELAY STORAGE AUTOMATIC CALCULATOR) JOHN VON NEUMANN A Hungarian American mathematician
developed in 1949 - World’s first-stored program computer in Cambridge University. The first machine that has the capability to feed information into the computer. It perform computations and write out info at the same time. It contained the first written documentation of a stored program This first successful incorporation of the stored program concept marked the final major step in the series of breakthrough inspired by war
EDVAC (ELECTRONIC DISCRETE VARIABLE COMPUTER) Year 1952, when University of Pennsylvania completed the EDVAC that computers had reached the stage of development where an automatic sequence of events could be successfully handled by machines
GENERATION OF COMPUTERS
1 st Generation Computers (19511958): The Vacuum Tubes about the size of a light bulb were used as the internal computer components because thousands of such tubes were required, they generated a great deal of heat causing many problems in temperature regulation and control.
The beginning of computer age can be dated on 06 -14 -1951. All tubes had to be working simultaneously they were subject to frequent burn out , and the people operating the computer often did not know whether the problem is in the programming or machine. Programmers at first had to write programs in machine language using numbers difficult and time consuming.
Examples of First Gen. Computers UNIVAC – Universal Automatic Calculator or Computer- The first General- Purpose Computer to be mass produced by Eckert & Mauchly. Manufactured by Remington Rand Corp. It can calculate at the rate of 10, 000 additions per second.
This marked the beginning of the “First Generation Computers” Computers using vacuum tubes sold to business or research institution. It used magnetic tapes
IBM 650 – developed by IBM Corp. in 1957. It reads punched cards The main memory of these computers was either banks of liquid memory (magnetic core) It do not have RAM nor ROM
2 nd Generation Computers (1954 -1964): The Transistor In 1947, 3 Bell Lab. Scientists John Bardeen, Walter Brattain and William Shockley developed the transistor, a small device that transfers electronic signals across resistor. (TRANsfer re. SISTOR). It is much smaller than vacuum tubes.
Advantages: no more warm up time, consumed less energy, generated much less heat and more faster and more reliable. In the late 1950 s, transistors were incorporated into computers. Another important development was the development of assembly language was developed, then FORTRAN and COBOL. With transistor, it can perform 200, 000 to 250, 000 calculations per second. GRACE HOPPER – invented the first programming language.
3 rd Generation Computers (19651970): Integrated Circuits – made up of silicon, one of the most abundant element in the earth’s crust found in common Beach sand. The importance of these element to Santa Clara county, 30 miles south of San Francisco, is responsible for the county’s nickname: Silicon Valley which is the principal site for the manufacture of the socalled silicon chip: the IC
It replaces transistors in computers starting 1965. The resulting machine were called 3 rd Gen computers. Advantages: reliability, compactness, and low costcharacteristics of the chips.
The beginning of the 3 rd gen. was trumpeted by the IBM 360 series (named for full circle service-360 degrees). The System/360 family of computers designed for business and scientific use came in several models and sizes leads to the introduction of families of computer. Perhaps the most far reaching contribution of the 360 series was IBMs decision to unbindle the software, that is to sell software separately from the hardware. This approach led to the creation of today’s software industry. Software became more sophisticated.
IBM 360 SERIES
4 th Generation Computers (19781988: Present): The Microprocessor 4 th Generation was in fact an extension of 3 rd Generation technology. In the early part of 3 rd Generation, specialized chips were developed for computer memory and logic: the general-purpose processor on a chip otherwise known as Microprocessor which became commercially available in 1971.
In addition, the common applications of microprocessor: digital watches, pocket calculators, PC, copy machines, TV etc. Computers today are 100 times smaller than those of the 1 st generation and a single chip is far powerful than ENIAC. Intel began shipping the first microprocessor (complete CPU on a chip) in 1971 with a word of only 4 bits and was called 4004. In 1972, Intel came up with 8008, whose word had 8 bits with a better version in 1973 called as 8080.
5 th Generation Computers: Artificial Intelligence The term 5 th Gen. was coined by Japanese to describe the powerful, intelligent computers they wanted to build by mid 1990’s. True focus is connectivity, the massive industry effort to permit users to connect their computers to other computers.
FIRST GEN. COMPUTERS Internal Component: Vacuum tubes External storage: Magnetic Tape For input: Punched Cards For output : Punched Cards and paper Programming Language: Machine language Human operators to set switches Example: UNIVAC 1 SECOND GEN. COMPUTERS Internal Component: TRansistors External storage: Magnetic Core, Magnetic Tape For input: Punched Cards and Magnetic Tape For output: Punched Cards and paper Programming Language: FORTRAN, COBOL, BASIC, ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE Human operators to set switches Example: HONEYWELL 200
THIRD GEN. COMPUTERS Internal Component: INTEGRATED CIRCUITS External storage: IMPROVED DISK STORAGE For input AND output: MONITOR AND KEYBOARD Programming Language: Complete operating system Less involvement of Human operators Example: Family computers, minicomputer-used commercially, IBM 360 FOURTH GEN. COMPUTERS Internal Component: MICROPROCESSOR External storage : MAGNETIC DISK Programs: Application software for microcomputer Microcomputer were used. IBM PC Example: Burroughs B 7700 and HP 3000 (minicomputer)
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