History of Computer Science Blaise Pascal approx 1650

History of Computer Science

Blaise Pascal (approx. 1650) z French Mathematician, theologian and scientist

Blaise Pascal (approx. 1650) z Built a machine with 8 gears called the Pascaline to assist French government in compiling tax reports

J. M. Jacquard (early 1800’s) zdeveloped loom that used punched cards (the equivalent of stored programs)

Jacquard’s Loom

Punched cards zinformation coded on cards (forerunner of modern storage devices) zcards could be linked in a series (forerunner of programs) z. Such programs can automate human tasks

Charles Babbage z British scientist and inventor, 1860’s z known as ‘the Father of the Computer’

Babbage’s computer z Difference Engine z could compute and print tables, but never got out of the 'working prototype' stage because of technological limits

Babbage’s dream machine z. The Analytical Engine zsteam powered calculating machine using programs on punched cards. z. The analytical engine was never completed in his lifetime.

Analytical Engine plans

Analytical Engine, con’t z. Contained all the elements of moderncomputers including x'mill' (for calculating) x'store' (for holding instructions) x'operator' (for carrying out instructions) xreading and writing device

Countess Ada Augusta Lovelace z Lord Byron’s daughter z Mathematician z Devised way to use punched cards to give instructions to Babbage’s machines z The ‘first computer programmer’

Herman Hollerith (1890 census) z Invented a tabulating machine using punched cards (same size as ours today). z Founded forerunner of IBM

Hollerith’s machine

Thomas Watson, Sr. (head of IBM in 1924) z. Made his fortune in punched card tabulating equipment and office equipment z. Never convinced that computing machines were worth the risk. z. Turned over the company to his son in mid 1950’s

Early Electronic Computers z. Konrad Zuse y. German engineering student, 1930’s y. Never allowed to complete his computer z. ABC Computer y. Atanasof and Berry y 1937 z. Mark I, Harvard, 1944 y. Automatic calculator used paper tapes

The ABC machine 1937 The first electronic computer Dr. John V. Atanasof Clifford Berry

John von Neumann zinvented the stored program concept (data and instructions stored in memory in binary form). z 1940's

Computer Science History z Alan Turing y. WW II y. Enigma y“Computers” z John von Neumann y. Programs as data z ENIAC

ENIAC

Genesis of modern computing

Hardware “Generations” z. Hardware yvacuum tubes ytransistors yprinted circuits yintegrated circuits z. Moore’s law y. Circuit capacity doubles every 18 months y. True from 1972 to the present day

The First Generation of Computers z 1951 -1958 z. Vacuum tubes for internal operations z. Magnetic drums for memory z. Limited memory z. Heat and maintenance problems

ENIAC (19, 000 vacuum tubes)

ENIAC Modular programming?

Age of the dinosaurs

1 st Generation (con’t) z. Punched cards for input and output z. Slow input, processing and output z. Low-level symbolic languages for programming

UNIVAC z. UNIVAC I (1951) zdeveloped by Mauchley and Eckert for Remington Rand zreplaced IBM tabulating machines at the Census Bureau

UNIVAC J. Presper Eckert and Walter Cronkite and the UNIVAC I on election night 1952

Machine language z. Machine language: 0's and 1's, the only language a computer can directly execute.

Assembly language z. Made programming easier. z. Uses abbreviations instead of binary code. ie. LD for load. z. Machine-dependent (not portable)

The Second Generation of Computers z 1959 -1964 z. Transistors for internal operations z. Magnetic cores for memory z. Increased memory capacity

IBM 360

Second Generation (con’t) z. Magnetic tapes and disks for storage z. Reductions in size and heat generation z. Increase in processing speed and reliability z. Increased use of high-level languages

High-level languages z. The first high-level programming languages were y. FORTRAN (1954) y. COBOL (1956) y. LISP (1961) y. BASIC (1964)

Grace Hopper 1952 She introduces the new concept that computers could be programmed using symbols on paper (languages). Later writes the COBOL language.

The Third Generation of Computers z 1965 -1970 z. Integrated circuits on silicon chips for internal operations (IC’s) z. Increased memory capacity z. Common use of minicomputers

Third generation (con’t) z. Emergence of the software industry z. Reduction in size and cost z. Increase in speed and reliability z. Introduction of families of computers

Key term: LSI z. LSI (Large Scale Integration) - method by which circuits containing zthousands of components are packed on a single chip

Third generation (con’t) z. Compatibility problems (languages, I/O devices, etc. were informally standardized) z. Minicomputers popular in offices.

The Fourth Generation of Computers z 1971 -today z. VLSI (100, 000's of components/chip) z. Development of the microprocessor z. Microcomputers and supercomputers Ted Hoff, Intel Designer of first microprocessor

4 th generation design

VLSI (each wafer has 100 -400 IC’s with millions of transistors on each one)

Fourth Generation (con’t) z. Greater software versatility z. Increase in speed, power and storage capacity z. Parallel processing z. Artificial intelligence and expert systems z. Robotics

Graphic User Interfaces (GUI) Macintosh, 1984 Lisa, 1983 Sun, 1988

Key term: Microprocessor z. Microprocessor: programmable unit on a single silicon chip, containing all essential CPU components (ALU, controller)

Modern microprocessor

Key term: Microcomputer z. Microcomputer: small, low-priced, personal computer.

Early microcomputers Apple I, 1976 Apple II, 1977

Apple computer company Steve Wozniak and Steve Jobs

Early IBM microcomputers IBM PC, 1981 IBM XT, 1983 w/10 M Hard drive

Software giants

Programming language giants Niklaus Wirth Pascal, 1972 BASIC, 1964 David Kennedy, Dartmouth U

Key term: Supercomputer z. Supercomputer: perform millions of operations per second and process zenormous amounts of data z. Costs in tens of millions of dollars

Supercomputers (l to r) Cray xmp, ymp and Cray 2

Cray T 90, 40 gigaflops

Processor speed growth

Environment “Generations” z. Environments ysingle process ybatch process ytime-shared xone powerful computer serving multiple users ypersonal computer xmultiple individual computers yclient/server xindividual computers (clients) interacting with powerful computer providing services to multiple users (server)