HISTORY OF COMPUTER BY ADHIRAJ NAIN ABACUS The
HISTORY OF COMPUTER BY ADHIRAJ NAIN
ABACUS The exact origin of the abacus is still unknown. Today, abaci are often constructed as a bamboo frame with beads sliding on wires, but originally they were beans or stones moved in grooves in sand or on tablets of wood, stone, or metal.
NAPIER’S BONE In 1617, shortly before his death, Napier developed a mechanical method for performing multiplication and division. The rods were made of bone, ivory, wood, or metal.
SLIDE RULE After John Napier invented logarithms, and Edmund Gunter created the logarithmic scales (lines, or rules) upon which slide rules are based, it was Oughtred who first used two such scales sliding by one another to perform direct multiplication and division; and he is credited as the inventor of the slide rule in 1622.
PASCA LINE The Pascaline was designed and built by the French mathematician-philosopher Blaise Pascal between 1642 and 1644. It could only do addition and subtraction, with numbers being entered by manipulating its dials.
PANCHED CARDS History of the punch card. The standard punched card, originally invented by Herman Hollerith, was first used for vital statistics tabulation by the New York City Board of Health and several states.
DIFFERENCE ENGINE Charles Babbage (17911871), computer pioneer, designed the first automatic computing engines. He invented computers but failed to build them. The first complete Babbage Engine was completed in London in 2002, 153 years after it was designed.
ANALYTICAL ENGINE The Analytical Engine was a proposed mechanical generalpurpose computer designed by English mathematician andcomputer pioneer Charles Babbage. It was first described in 1837 as the successor to Babbage's difference engine, a design for a mechanical computer.
IBM History of IBM. International Business Machines, or IBM, nicknamed "Big Blue", is a multinational computer technology and IT consulting corporation headquartered in Armonk, New York, United States. . IBM's first experiments with computers in the 1940 s and 1950 s were modest advances on the cardbased system.
ENIA C In 1942, physicist John Mauchly proposed an allelectronic calculating machine. . The result was ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer), built between 1943 and 1945— the first large-scale computer to run at electronic speed without being slowed by any mechanical parts.
TRANSIS TOR A transistor computer, now often called a second generation computer, is a computer which uses discrete transistors instead of vacuum tubes. The first generation of electronic computers used vacuum tubes, which generated large amounts of heat, were bulky, and were unreliable.
UNIV AC On June 14, 1951, the U. S. Census Bureau dedicates UNIVAC, the world's first commercially produced electronic digital computer. UNIVAC, which stood for Universal Automatic Computer, was developed by J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly, makers of ENIAC, the first general-purpose electronic digital computer.
SECOND GENERATION COMPUTERE Second Generation: Transistors (1956 -1963) The world would see transistors replace vacuum tubes in the second generation of computers. The transistor was invented at Bell Labs in 1947 but did not see widespread use incomputers until the late 1950 s.
INTEGRATED CIRUCITS (ICs) An integrated circuit or monolithic integrated circuit (also referred to as an IC, a chip, or a microchip) is a set of electronic circuits on one small flat piece (or "chip") of semiconductor material, normally silicon.
THIRD GENERATION COMPUTER The period of third generation was from 1965 -1971. The computers of third generation used Integrated Circuits (ICs) in place of transistors. A single IC has many transistors, resistors, and capacitors along with the associated circuitry.
FOURTH GENERATION COMPUTER The period of fourth generation was from 19711980. Computers of fourth generation used Very Large Scale Integrated (VLSI) circuits. VLSI circuits having about 5000 transistors and other circuit elements with their associated circuits on a single chip made it possible to have microcomputers of fourth generation.
Personal Computer A personal computer is a multipurpose computer whose size, capabilities, and price make it feasible for individual use. PCs are intended to be operated directly by an end user, rather than by a computer expert or technician
APPLE LISA COMPUTER The Apple Lisa is a desktop computer developed by Apple, released on January 19, 1983. It was one of the first personal computers to offer a graphical user interface in a machine aimed at individual business users
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