History Mitos means Thread and Chondia means Granules

History: § Mitos means Thread and Chondia means Granules § Mitochondrion, membrane-bound organelle found in the cytoplasm of almost all eukaryotic cells. Absent in Bacteria & Blue green Algae. § Seekevitz called Powerhouse of cell § Discovered by – Kolliker (1850) in Flight Muscle cells of Insects § Called Bioplasts by - Altmann (1856) § Fleming called Fila § Petzies – Sarcosome § Fmeves – discover in plant (Nymphea) § Hoog Bloom - Sites of Cellular Respiration § Mitochondria by – Benda (1857) § It can be stained by Janus Green B

Occurrence, Shape, Size: Generally 500 to 1600 per cell depends on activity of cell § More in animal cell than plant cell § In plant cell more in Meristematic cells than Permanent cells § Single Mitochondia – Chlorella, Microsterias, Trypanosoma § Chaos chaos Giant Ameobia 5 Lakshs § Highest – Flight Muscle cells (50, 000 Giant Ameba) § Some cells in some multicellular organisms may however lack them (for example, mature mammalian red blood cells). § Sausage/Cylindrical shape § Diameter 0. 2 – 1µm and length 1. 0 – 4. 1µm § Divides by fissions § Life span of M is 5 to 10 days.

Structure: § Double unit membrane organelle. § The outer mitochondrial membrane smooth and permeable - contains large numbers of integral membrane proteins called Porins. § The inter membrane space - peri mitochondrial space (the space between the outer and inner membranes), with Protein – Cytochrome C. § The inner mitochondrial membrane less permeable and folded at varies places called cristae (palade) -The inner mitochondrial membrane contains respiratory chain (Complex-I, III & IV) And ATP synthases/oxysomes/F 0 -F 1 particles/Elementary particles/Moran particles (104 -105). It is the smallest rotatory machine in the universe. § Proteins with five types of functions: Those that perform the redox reactions of oxidative phosphorylation, ATP synthase, which generates ATP in the matrix, Specific transport proteins that regulate metabolite passage into and out of the matrix Protein import machinery, Mitochondrial fusion and fission protein.

§ Oxysomes are attached to the IM through factor called (OSCP) Oligomycin Sensitivity Confaring Protein. § The cristae space (formed by infoldings of the inner membrane) – F 1 particles or oxysomes to produce ATP. § F 0 -Hydrophobic protein and proton channel & embedded in the inner membrane. F 1 - 5 types of hydrophilic proteins and towards mitochondrial matrix. § The matrix (space within the inner membrane) - Enzymes, special mitochondrial 70 S ribosomes, But in Mammalian 55 S Type, t. RNA, proteins 70%, lipids 30% and several copies of the mitochondrial DNA genome, respiratory enzymes, the major functions include oxidation of pyruvate and fatty acids, and the citric acid cycle § Mitochondria stripped of their outer membrane are called mitoplasts. § A group of Mitochondria called Chondriosome. § In Scurvy diseases all Mitochondria fuse together called Chondriospere.

Functions: § Energy conversion - Convert potential energy to Kinetic energy (ATP Synthesized). § Store energy in the form of ATP – Biofurnaces/Power house of the cell/Energy currency of the cell § Storage of Ca 2+ ions § Oxidation of Fats § Haem part of Haemoglobin is synthesized § Certain Steroids also synthesized. § Maternal inheritance – Mother to offspring § It produce hormones eg. Oestrogen and Testosterone. § Semi autonomous organelle, “Cell with in the Cell” organelle and Prokaryotic cells which lives symbiotically in Eukaryotic cell (By Margulis)

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