History 398 Lecture 3 Power Machinery An Industrial

History 398 Lecture 3 Power Machinery • An Industrial Revolution in the late Middle Ages? • Textiles, the Prototype of Mechanized Industry • Traditional Technics of Domestic Textile Production • The Mechanization of Spinning • The Mechanization of Weaving

An Industrial Revolution in the Later Middle Ages? • Mills in urban settings, often grouped together • Mills serving purposes other than grinding • Combinations of mills, but no record of compound mills, i. e. powering several stones or tools by a single central source • Yet, either isolated, unique, or small-scale • IR about power machinery of new sort, combined with new source of power. Historically, result of new attitude toward machines which arose in Renaissance.

Roman Mills at Barbigal, ~300 (reconstruction

History 398 Fall 2004

Centrality of Human Skills • • • Thumb and forefinger Twisting, drawing, and winding Shuttle and batten Selection of pattern 1760 -1820 all mechanized – emulation of human action – mechanical reparsing of task History 398 Fall 2004

The Mechanization of Spinning • James Hargreaves: jenny 1764 • Richard Arkwright: (water)frame 1769 • Samuel Crompton: mule (= jenny + frame) 1778 • Effects

History 398 Fall 2004

History 398 Fall 2004

Cotton Calico 1775 1780 1783 English Imported 56, 814 1, 143, 043 3, 578, 590 2, 111, 439 1, 071, 775 770, 992

Price of #100 yarn (185 yds/oz) 1786 1790 1792 1801 1807 1833 36 s 30 s 16 s 8 s 9 d 6 s 9 d 4 s 9 d (here stabilized)

The Mechanization of Weaving • Power loom – Edmund Cartwright (1786 -88)

Power Looms in Manchester, Stockport • 1818, 2000 • 1821, 5733 • 1825, 20, 000 in Manchester alone

Number of Power Looms 1803 1820 1829 1833 England Scotland Total 2, 400 12, 150 2, 000 14, 150 History 398 45, 500 85, 000 10, 000 15, 000 55, 550 100, 000 Fall 2004

Muslin weavers of Bolton received for 24 yds • • • 1793 1797 1807 1817 1827 £ 4 27 s 18 9 6 6 d

The Mechanization of Weaving • Power loom – Edmund Cartwright (1786 -88) • Automatic pattern selection – Joseph-Marie Jacquard (~1804)