Historical Roots of Migration in the Age of

Historical Roots of Migration in the Age of Globalization Cynthia Radding University of New Mexico Region XIII Diaconate Community th 25 Annual Conference in Gallup, New Mexico July 27 -29, 2007

Continental Borderlands n Migratory streams n Borderlands before the nation-state n Movements of native peoples through deserts, mountains and wetlands

Casas Grandes, Paquimé Photograph: Xicotencatl Murrieta

European Invasions of the Americas n Immigrants, slave and free n New plants, animals, and microbes n Colonial institutions n Adaptation to natural environment and to Indians’ cultural traditions

19 th-Century Transitions n Wars for Independence n Anglo-American traders, trappers and adenturers n North-to-south migratory flows n Borderlands networks of kinship and cultural ties

Mapping the Borderlands n U. S. invasion of Mexico n Treaty of Guadalupe. Hidalgo n Boundary Commission n Treaty of Mesilla

Migration in Historical Context n Migratory flows to and from Latin America n Diverse populations n Globalization and migration n Cultural identity, citizenship, and nationalism

Mexico and the U. S. : 1820 -1920 n Migration is not restricted to the border region n Migration issues understood within larger national and international histories n Seasonal and permanent migrations

Mexico in the 19 th Century n n n Internal Struggles Church-state relations Regional autonomy vs. the central state Communal lands Colonists in Chihuahua n Foreign Invasions n United States, 18461854 n n n Loss of territory Binational boundary France, 1862 -1867 n n Hapsburg monarchy French troops

Modernization in Mexico n Capital growth and technology n n n Railroads, telegraph Industrial mining Timber concessions Commercial agriculture President Porfirio Díaz n Population growth and immigration n Immigrants from Europe, Middle East and China n Colonies in northern Mexico

Mexican Revolution Principal Movements n Constitutionalists n n División del Norte n n Carranza Obregón Calles Villa Plan de Ayala n Emiliano Zapata Orozco, La Trinchera

Past Meets the Present: 19202000 Parallel histories of Mexico and the United States World Wars and Great Depression n Structural changes in world finances n Mexico: agrarian reforms and labor policies n Bracero program, 1943 -1968 n Assembly plants (maquiladoras) n

Mexican Revolution on the Border n n Recruitment, provisions and weaponry for the principal armies Migration in Mexico and to the U. S. n n Yaqui Indian communities in Arizona Migrants settle beyond the border states n Constitution of 1917 n Elective government restored, 1920 n Cristero Revolt, 19271929

19 th-century U. S. History n Forced migration of Native Americans n Raiding by Kiowas, Comanches and Apaches in Mexico n Industrial capital and private fortunes n Immigration history n n Consequences of U. S. Mexico War for the United States n n Slavery Civil War n Migrants from Europe, North Africa, Middle East, Latin America and China African-American “Great Migration” of 1920 s

Changing Migratory Patterns n Migrant regional origins n n n Traditional North Center South-Southeast Destinations n n Major industrial cities Small towns in the interior of the U. S. Annual net flows of migrants 1961 -1970 27, 500 2000 -2005 396, 000 2005 26. 8 million persons from Mexico living in the U. S. 10. 6 million born in Mexico

Human Faces of Migration Sam Quiñones n n Antonio’s Gun and Delfino’s Dream n n Hard choices for poor migrants. Barriers to returning home to Mexico. Dangerous border crossings. Circular patterns give way to permanent migration.

Migration in the Global Economy n Neo-liberal policies n Structural adjustment n Eroding standards of living n Reduced social services

Maize and Global Markets n n n Ethanol and world demand for industrial uses of maize Rising prices for Mexican consumers Importation of corn Subsidies to raise production NAFTA and peasant agriculture

Ecuador: “our America” n President Rafael Correa, inaugural speech n Foreign debt service renegotiation n Demands to meet basic social services n Integration of Latin America

Indigenous Movements n Challenges to traditional national constitutions n Demands for political recognition, territory, cultural dignity n Responses to globalization

Indian Migrants to the U. S. n n n Inclusion and autonomy Territorial spaces Cultural distinctiveness Autonomous communities in Chiapas Language preservation n Tzotzil Mixtec Zapotec

Citizenship n New political actors n Internal indigenous movements n Migrant populations n New claims to suffrage n Paisanos in Mexico n Ecuadorian Constituent Assembly n Voter registration of Brazilians abroad.

Human Rights and Populism n n n Freedom from detention Security of life and home Right to food, housing, health care Access to education Freedom of movement Right to work and a living wage

Collaborative Research and Service n Language revitalization n Local histories n Community traditions n Economic development

Border Violence and Civic Action n Border State Governors and Commissions. n Surveillance and security n Citizens’ networks for human rights and dignity

Sources of Information n n n University of New Mexico, n Latin America Database University of Texas, LANIC New York Times Espadaña Press SPIN México Ilustrado Reséndez, Changing National Identities at the Frontier Zúñiga, et al, Migración México-Estados Unidos