Historical Period 6 1865 1898 Becoming an Industrial

+ Historical Period 6 1865 -1898 Becoming an Industrial World Power

+ Ch. 16 Conflict in the West n Natives fought on both sides of the Civil War n Relationships changed after due to Americans looking for more land

+ n Comanche Empire One of the most powerful in the western frontier in 1860 n Civil war was great! Whites were busy fighting each other instead of them n Reconstruction opened new opportunities n Medicine Lodge Creek Treaty n 1867, US reps came to end Comanche as sovereign people n Gov’t would put them on a reservation

+ Nez Perce n Without n them Lewis & Clark would’ve perished Oregon & Idaho, deeply divided n “Progressives” agreed to live on a reservation n “Non-progressives” n n refused Lived in peace for a bit, until white settlement grew into area 1877 moved up N. to Canada, Army caught up <40 miles away n Surrendered, Chief Joseph ”I am tired of fighting. Our chiefs are killed… It is cold and we have no blankets. The little children are freezing to death…My heart is sick & sad. From where the sun now stands, I will fight no more forever. ”

+ Sioux n Largest group of tribes in northern Great Plains n Lakota attacked US troops, Gov’t sought peace n 1868, Treaty of Fort Laramie n One faction, led by Sitting Bull, didn’t like it “You are fools to make yourselves slaves to a piece of fat bacon, some hard-tack, and a little sugar & coffee. ” n … Gold discovered in the area n Miners & settlers came in, Lakota resisted n

+ Custer’s Last Stand n Great Sioux War of 1876 -1877 n General George Armstrong Custer led attack at Little Bighorn/ Grassy n n n< June 25, 1876 Surrounded by Sioux & Cheyenne, none of his troops survived 1 month later, General Sheridan led huge force n Attacked & defeated Sioux n Reservation

+ Sioux n Defeats n 1890, of 1876 -1877, destruction of buffalo religious phenomenon Lead to era of depression, disease, & poverty n Ghost Dance movement n Promised return of buffalo & disappearance of white people n Ghost n Army n Dec. Dance frightened the white community intervened, Wounded Knee 29, 1890, 146 Indians are killed, including 7 infants

+ Government Policy n. Great Plains last part of US to be settled by white people n Fed whites settled before 1860 n. Originally n Gov’t n Grant’s set aside as uninhabitable left tribes alone unless they fought with army Peace Policy n effort to end Plains Indian wars by creating reservations where tribes could maintain traditional ways • Homestead Act • 1862, encouraged W. migration • 160 acres = live there for 5 years, dig a well, & build a road

Assimilation/Americanization + n. Dawes General Allotment Act n 1887, divided reservation land into private family plots n Ended tribal landholding system n. Tribal feasts, dances, funerals were outlawed n. Missionaries set up boarding schools

+ Assimilation: Give up their way of life and adopt American culture

+ Transcontinental Railroad Chinese Immigrants 1869 Irish Immigrants

+ The Transformation of the West n. The American West was transformed by: n The defeat of the Indian tribes n The Homestead Act n Changes in speed and transportation-time brought on by the railroads n. Of course, not all new settlers in the American West got along with each other

+ Cowboys, Cattle, Open Range n Drive cattle to railheads in Kansas, then to Chicago via the railroad n Abilene, Kansas - first cowtown n 1867 - first herd of Texas cattle went to Chicago

Cattle Trails and Rail Lines MAP 16 -3, Cattle Trails and Rail Lines © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

+ Open Range • Open-range system ended mid 1880 s – Supply of beef > demand – Prices fell – One major invention…

+ Latino Resistance in the Southwest n Battle between those who wanted to fence and control the land, and those who wanted free grazing land for their herds was one of the great divides. n Resistance took diff. forms n New Mexico (Mexicano majority): political process n Texas (racial tensions): Texas Rangers © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

+ Farmers and Farm Towns n Sodbusters n Whites and blacks flocked to the Plains n Typical house built of sod n Isolated n Constant struggle against nature © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Farmers Settle Plains + n Great Plains last part of US to be settled by white people n Originally set aside as uninhabitable n Settled by Homesteaders & Exodusters n Exodusters: African Americans who moved from S to W n Promised Land in Kansas & Oklahoma

+ Technology Changes the Nation n Alexander Graham Bell n 1876, teaching deaf people to hear, telephone n In 4 decades, a necessity of modern life n Replaced n Morse, telegraph

Communication n. Alexander Graham Bell n 1876 n. Guglielmo Marconi n 1890's

+ n Electricity Thomas Edison, 1870 s Menlo Park > 1, 000 patents Nikola Tesla https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=3 Fpjc. OWwi. I 4 https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=f. Liji 1 Yg. DGU

Transportation • Henry Ford • Assembly line • 1913, Model T assembly line plant • Interchangeable parts invented by Eli Whitney 1895 - 4 cars 1917 - 5 million

Transportation n Orville & Wilbur Wright n. American bicycle makers n 1903

+ Corporations & Monopolies n New kinds of inventions couldn’t be produced by family businesses anymore n New corporate structures n No federal bank (1830 s), private bankers n Few Americans were made extremely wealthy

+ Jay Cooke n Most powerful banker, end of Civil War (helped finance Union) n 1870 s, almost wrecked the economy n Financed N. Pacific railroad European investment, speculation… too many railroads n Franco-Prussian war 1870 -1871 ended, grain prices dropped, reduced railroad wheat profit n n 1873, declared bankruptcy n Panic of 1873 Recovery, man who profited the most? . . .

+ Cornelius Vanderbilt n Created a steamboat empire (steamboat invented 1807) n Steamboats n Created to railroads corporations of new scale

+ New Industries n John D. Rockefeller n Standard First Majo Trus r t Oil Company n Bought up virtually every other refinery in the nation n Horizontal integration n Merger of competitors of the same market

+ New Industries n Andrew n 12 Carnegie years old family came from Scotland n Steel n Vertical integration n Consolidation of numerous production functions under the direction of one firm n Coal & iron, mining, transport, production & sales

+ New Industries n John Pierpont Morgan n Banker n Not as wealthy as Rockefeller & Carnegie, but the guy riches industrialists… & the US gov’t turned to n Helped finance the transcontinental railroad & the Suez canal n Helped pick up the pieces of the Panic of 1873 n … & the Panic of 1893 n Rope market n Bailed out Cleveland n European bankers lost faith in the US, but had faith in Morgan n Bought Carnegie Steel