Historical Overview Mohamed Merchant Prophet Political Leader Revelation

Historical Overview

Mohamed: Merchant, Prophet, Political Leader Revelation: From Merchant to Prophet Hijra 622 Birth of the Umma, Community of Believers Tribal loyalties replaced with a broader community identity • The first Islamic State, Constitution of Medina • •

The Rashidunn (Sunni) • Abu Bakr, Umar ibn al-Kittab, Uthman ibn Affan, Ali ibn Abi Talib • The Wars of Apostasy (Rida Wars) – Of the six major centres of the revolt four of the leaders of the movement offered competing claims to being prophets themselves.

Khalifa The Origins of Sectarianism

The Rise of Empires • The Umayyads • Early and rapid expansion out of Arabia • Faced issues of administration not previously encountered • Failed to earn legitimacy in religious terms

The Abbasids 750 – 1258 • Consolidate the relationship between, umma, Caliph and Ulema • Creation of a formalised Sharia • Closing the ‘Gates of Ijtihad’

The Crusades 1095 – 1291

Rise of the Ottomans • 1258 Mongol Invasion and the Fall of Baghdad • Emergence of the Turku-Seljuk State 13 th C • Changing nature of the relationship between religion and the state • Cooption of the Ulema

Ottoman Empire 1683 • 1683 September 11 Battle of Vienna. Ottoman defeat.

Al-Afghani, Salafism and Reformation • Reaction to colonization and civilizational decline • Salafism • What accounts for the decline of Islamic civilisation? • Opening the ‘Gates of ijtihad’ • Liberal and radical reformers

1914

World War I, 1914 -18 • Ottomans military weakness evident • The geopolitical game was to see who would pick up the pieces once the empire came apart. • Ottoman goals during the First World War : Hinder Russian aggression, Recover the Balkans • 1) 1914 -1916 Stalemate • 2) 1916 -1918, Arab uprisings in the Hejaz and Syria • The United States entered the war in April 1917 and the Bolshevik Revolution took Russia out of the war in October 1917

• • 1916 The Arab Revolt 1916 Sykes Picot Agreement 1920 Treaty of Sevres 1924 Abolition of the Caliphate

The Arab Revolt • 5 June 1916 • Attack on the Ottoman garrison at Medina • By the end of July the ports of Jiddah, Yanbu and Rabegh were under Arab control. Supported by British forces • Lieutenant T. E. Lawrence –Lawrence of Arabia • Battle of Meggido in September 1918 • October 1918 Damascus falls • November 1918 Ottomans sign armistice

Sykes-Picot Agreement The Great Betrayal • Secret agreement between United Kingdom and France • Divided the Arab provinces of the Ottoman Empire outside the Arabian peninsula into areas of future British and French control • Lloyd George “I am very keen to see a Jewish state established in Palestine. “

The End of the Caliphate and the Birth of the Turkish State • Treaty of Sèvres 1920 • Caliphate abolished March 3, 1924. • Abdulmecid II was the last caliph of Islam • No framework for unity or identity • Mecca (632) Damascus (662) Baghdad (751) Cairo (1262) Istanbul (1517) Terminated(1924)