Historical Linguistics language change BASIC CONCEPTS articulatory simplification

Historical Linguistics language change

BASIC CONCEPTS articulatory simplification analogy contact reanalysis language change phonological phonetic syncope sound change apocope comparative shifts affrication method palatalization nasalization pragmatics mergers splits sequential borrowing sound change

Causes of Language Change p Articulatory simplification p Spelling pronunciation p Analogy and reanalysis p Language contact

Sound change Conditioned p Unconditioned p Phonetic p Phonemic p

Sound Change p Assimilation n n Partial and Total Palatalization, Affrication, Nasalization, Umlaut Dissimilation p Epenthesis p Metathesis p Weakening and deletion p Consonantal strengthening p Deaffrication p

Specify the sound change/s. Proto-Quechan 1. c umpi 2. timpu 3. nutku 4. akla 5. wakli 6. utka 7. kunka 8. lyantu 9. mutki 10. pukyu 11. inti 12. sanku 13. hampatu Tena 1. c umbi 2. timbu 3. nuktu 4. agla 5. wagli 6. ukta 7. kunga 8. lyandu 9. mukti 10. pugyu 11. indi 12. sangu 13. hambatu Gloss 1. belt 2. boil 3. brains 4. choose 5. damage 6. fast 7. neck 8. shade 9. smell 10. spring 11. sun 12. thick 13. toad

Identify the sound changes. Sanskrit Old English Latin sneha hlāf iuvenis [j] Pali English Italian sineha loaf giovane [d ] English triathlon dialect triath[ ]lo n Latin Sanskrit Latin vidua [dw] sapta turtur *venre mundo cire [ts] Spanish Pali English Spanish Sicilian French viuda [wd] satta turtle vendre munnu cire [s] Italian Old French

p Morphological change n p Syntactic change n p Addition/Loss of affixes, analogy, reanalysis Word order Lexical and semantic change n n n Semantic broadening Semantic narrowing Amelioration Pejoration Weakening of meaning Semantic shift

Exercises Word 1. moody 2. uncouth 3. aunt 4. butcher 5. witch 6. sly 7. accident 8. argue Earlier meaning 1. brave 2. unknown 3. father’s sister 4. one who slaughters goats 5. male of female sorcerer 6. skillful 7. an event 8. make clear

Word 1. carry 2. grumble 3. shrewd 4. praise 5. ordeal 6. picture 7. seduce Earlier meaning 1. transport by cart 2. murmur, make low sounds 3. depraved, wicked 4. set a value on 5. trial by torture 6. a painted likeness 7. persuade someone to desert his or her duty

Comparative Method Procedure 1. Compile cognate sets, eliminating borrowings. 2. Determine sound correspondences. 3. Reconstruct a sound for each position. 4. Check for regularity of sound change.