Historical Interpretation Historical interpretation will show up on

Historical Interpretation

• Historical interpretation will show up on short answer questions and multiple choice questions. • You can identify a quote as “historical interpretation” when the date of the document does not match the period which the quote is discussing, and it says historian after their name

• Multiple choice questions will have only one quote:

1. Identify the time period/historical topic 2. What are they saying about it that is an interpretation? Try to find a sentence that can serve as a thesis or summary 3. Write it beside the quote (if you need to)

• The hardest historical interpretation appears on the AP when a short answer demands you to analyze two different passages and compare them. • In this case do the same: Identify the time period/historical topic, what are they saying about it that is an interpretation (try to find thesis/summary sentence), write it beside the quote.

• Go over questions on handout

Contextualization and Synthesis

• • • Populism - Progressive Era – New Deal – Great Society Gilded Age – 1920 s – 1980 s Irish – Southern/Eastern Europeans – NAFTA 2 nd Great Awakening – Prohibition - Civil Rights Canals – Railroads – Highways – Internet 2 nd GA – Moral Majority • Republican Motherhood – Jane Addams - Cult of Domesticity • Gold Rush – Homestead Act – Great Migration - Sunbelt • John Muir – Silent Spring - Love Canal – Three Mile Island • Transatlantic Trade – Market Revolution

To what extent were the reform efforts of the Progressive Era aimed at maintaining the existing society and to what extent did they bring about radical changes? • HTS: Continuity and change • Context: Gilded Age • Synthesis: New Deal, Great Society

To what extent did manifest destiny and territorial expansion unite or divide the United States (1830 -1860)? • HTS: Causation • Context: – Northern states outlawed slavery, Southern states rely on slavery – Louisiana Purchase/Missouri Compromise • Synthesis: Imperialism

Analyze the extent to which the conflict between Great Britain and her North American colonies was economic in origin rather than rooted in political and social controversies and differences? Consider the period 1754 -1776. • HTS: Causation • Context: mercantilism, Navigation Acts, salutary neglect • Synthesis: French Revolution (role of economic factors and war debt in both cases)

Identify the issues that led to reform movements in the US during the period 1832 -1860. Evaluate the effectiveness of those parties in achieving their goals. • HTS: Causation • Context: Market Revolution, period of nationalism, American exceptionalism, Second Great Awakening • Synthesis: Protest movements of the 1960 s

Analyze the reasons why farmers were discontent from the period 1870 -1900 • HTS: Causation • Context: Gilded Age, Pro-business policies, transcontinental RR • Synthesis: Progressive Party, The New Deal, role of government in providing fairness/security for farmers

Evaluate the following statement: Selfinterest was more important than idealism in driving American foreign policy from 1895 -1920. • HTS: Causation • Context: Turner Thesis, Alfred Mahan, Industrialization, America’s role in the world • Synthesis: Post-WWII interventionism, NATO, UN, etc.

To what degree was the Cold War the result of US reaction to Soviet aggression? • HTS: Causation • Context: 1 st Red Scare, World War II (Allied Powers, atomic bomb dropped on Japan) • Synthesis: Spanish-American War (perceived Spanish aggression, role of national attitudes)

To what degree was the 1950 s a decade of conformity? • Context: Great Depression, World War II (wartime economic boom, removed from fighting, superpower status) • Synthesis: 1920 s (post-war economic boom, consumerism, mass culture)

Assess the effectiveness of the Reagan administration’s responses to domestic and international challenges. • Context: Great Society and 1960 s liberalism; 1970 s disappointments (Vietnam, Iranian Hostage Crisis, Watergate, stagflation, etc. ) • Synthesis: 1920 s (Mellonomics vs. Reaganomics)

Assess continuity and change in regards to colonial unity from 16401776? • HTS: Continuity and change • Context: Colonies founded for varying purposes and by different individuals/groups(royal, proprietary, joint stock) • Synthesis: Antebellum sectionalism (state interests over national interests)

To what degree did the United States remain neutral in the period 17971814? • Context: French Revolution, Washington’s Proclamation of Neutrality & Farewell Address • Synthesis: World War I and World War II (prewar isolationism)

Explain the causes of the development of the institution of slavery in the period from 1607 to 1750. • Context: Reasons for Jamestown settlement/colonization • Synthesis: Dred Scott, Jim Crow South

Compare and contrast the impact of religion on the United States in the antebellum period (1800– 1860) and in the second half of the twentieth century (1945– 2000). • Context: WWI & WWII, Bolshevik Revolution, Cold War • Synthesis: Salem Witch Trial

Compare and contrast the impact in the United States of anticommunism during the period 1917– 1929 and the period 1939– 1959. • Context: First Great Awakening, American Revolution • Synthesis: Social Gospel, 1920 s Fundamentalism vs. Modernism

Long Essays

The Long Essay Rubric +1: Thesis +2: Argument Development (using targeted historical thinking skill) +2: Evidence +1: Synthesis

Critical Thinking Skills • • Continuity and Change Over Time Causation Comparison Periodization MOST COMMON WORDING: “EVALUATE THE EXTENT…”

Periodization +1: Describes the ways in which the historical development specified in the prompt was different from AND similar to developments that preceded and/or followed. +1: Explains THE EXTENT to which the historical development specified in the prompt was different from and similar to the developments that preceded and/or followed it.

Periodization To what extent was ______ a turning point in American history? OR _____ was a turning point… support, modify, or refute BODY PARAGRAPH 1 BEFORE BODY PARAGRAPH 2 AFTER How was the country different because of THAT EVENT?

Continuity and Change over Time +1: Describes historical continuity and change over time. +1: Explains the REASONS for historical continuity and change over time.

Continuity and Change BODY PARAGRAPH 1 CONTINUITY BODY PARAGRAPH 2 CHANGE What stays the same? What changes?

Causation +1: Describes the causes and/or effects of a historical development or process. +1: Explains the REASONS for the causes and/or effects of a historical event, development, or process.

Comparison +1: Describes similarities AND differences among historical individuals, events, developments, or processes. +1: Explains the REASONS for similarities AND differences among historical individuals, events, developments, or processes.

Comparison BODY PARAGRAPH 1 POINT #1 BODY PARAGRAPH 2 POINT #2 Could be… • An argument • A person • A movement • A region • An event Analysis should refer back to body paragraph 1 • “Unlike _______” *USE CONCLUDION TO REINFORCE SIMILARITIES*

What kind of question is this? Some historians have argued that the American Revolution was not revolutionary in nature. Support, modify, or refute this interpretation, providing evidence to justify your answer.

Evaluate the extent to which trans. Atlantic interactions from 1600 to 1763 contributed to maintaining continuity as well as fostering change in labor systems in the British North American colonies.

Rephrase the Prompt What is this really asking? • Trans-Atlantic interactions? • Labor systems? • What time period are we looking at?

Body Paragraph 1 - Continuity • High demand for labor – Cash crops (tobacco, rice, indigo) – Southern plantations • Harsh labor conditions – High mortality rate for indentured servants – Brutal punishments for slaves

Body Paragraph 2 - Change • Kind of labor system used – Indentured servitude – African slavery • Permanent, race-based labor – “Chattel” slavery – Middle Passage – Slave codes

Synthesis? • • Long-term effects of race-based labor system Antebellum sectionalism The Civil War Reconstruction

Last Year’s Test

Short Answer Prompts 2016 • 3 Causes of tensions between colonies and GB • English vs. Spanish colonies (labor development, effects) • Energy in 1900 vs. energy in 1985 (coal/oil) • Andrew Jackson cartoon • Gilded Age historical interpretation • Native American assimilation • 1920 s/Big Business Historical Interpretation • 3 Reasons for westward expansion (1840 -1900) • Baby boom (1 cause, 2 effects) • Fords Assembly Line/Mass production (2 passages, historical interp) • Colonization (1640 -1700, 2 causes, 1 effect) • Graph of population growth from 1630 -1780 – What caused the population to change? Explain 2. One effect? • Rise of the New Right • Great Society • Reagan/Cold War Historical Interp

• • • • 2015 Native Americans (how their regions impacted their societies) Labor Unions Muir vs. Roosevelt (implications of ideas) Spanish vs. English colonization VA vs. NE colonies Women in the workplace Impact of WWII US vs. USSR in the 3 rd world (historical interpretation) Plessy v. Ferguson and Brown v. Board of Education Jacob Riis Start of industry New Deal vs. Great Society Native American population (graph, early 1600 s-mid 1700 s) The American Revolution (historical interpretation) African-Americans, economic status post-WWII

Long Essay Prompts • 2016 Periodization – 14 th and 15 th Amendments – To what extent did the US participation in WWI mark a turning point in foreign policy? – To what extent was the 2 nd GA a turning point in US history – To what extent was the counterculture of the 1960 s a turning point in US history? • 2015 Periodization – – French and Indian War Mexican-American War The Constitution The Civil War (politics and economics)

Other Random Topics the Appeared 2016 • Criticism of Iraq War (Senator Byrd) • Grapes of Wrath • 1 st Party System • Double V • FDR’s 4 freedoms • Scientific management • John Adams: Revolution in people’s minds before actual war began • Income distribution chart 1979 vs 2007

2015 • • • • George H. W. Bush 1 st vs. 2 nd Red Scare Jefferson’s Inaugural Address Spanish colonies Anne Hutchinson The environment Progressivism Native American treaties of the 1860 s Women in the American Revolution Big business/Gilded Age Post-Reconstruction South Nixon Truman Doctrine (political cartoon) Marcus Garvey