Histology of the CNS Lecture Objectives Describe the
![Histology of the CNS Histology of the CNS](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/ba340f433c20763b72810a02b196d1ee/image-1.jpg)
Histology of the CNS
![Lecture Objectives • Describe the histology of the cerebral cortex layers. • Describe the Lecture Objectives • Describe the histology of the cerebral cortex layers. • Describe the](http://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/ba340f433c20763b72810a02b196d1ee/image-2.jpg)
Lecture Objectives • Describe the histology of the cerebral cortex layers. • Describe the histological features of the cerebellum; layers and cells of cerebellar cortex. • Describe the elements of the blood‐brain barrier and the blood‐CSF barrier. • Describe the structure of the choroid plexus and the meninges.
![The central nervous system • Major parts – Cerebrum • Cerebral cortex • Basal The central nervous system • Major parts – Cerebrum • Cerebral cortex • Basal](http://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/ba340f433c20763b72810a02b196d1ee/image-3.jpg)
The central nervous system • Major parts – Cerebrum • Cerebral cortex • Basal ganglia – Diencephalon • Thalamus • Hypothalamus • Epithalamus – Brainstem • Medulla • Pons • Midbrain – Cerebellum – Spinal cord
![The central nervous system • Cerebrum, Cerebellum & Spinal cord • Almost no connective The central nervous system • Cerebrum, Cerebellum & Spinal cord • Almost no connective](http://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/ba340f433c20763b72810a02b196d1ee/image-4.jpg)
The central nervous system • Cerebrum, Cerebellum & Spinal cord • Almost no connective tissue therefore a relatively soft, gel‐like organs
![Cerebral Cortex • Cerebral cortex is gray matter overlying white matter – 2‐ 4 Cerebral Cortex • Cerebral cortex is gray matter overlying white matter – 2‐ 4](http://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/ba340f433c20763b72810a02b196d1ee/image-5.jpg)
Cerebral Cortex • Cerebral cortex is gray matter overlying white matter – 2‐ 4 mm thick containing billions of cells • Has six layers of cells with different forms and sizes
![Cerebral Cortex • Neuronal cells in cortex – Pyramidal cells • Efferent fibers • Cerebral Cortex • Neuronal cells in cortex – Pyramidal cells • Efferent fibers •](http://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/ba340f433c20763b72810a02b196d1ee/image-6.jpg)
Cerebral Cortex • Neuronal cells in cortex – Pyramidal cells • Efferent fibers • Small – more superficial • Large – Betz cells (motor cells) – Stellate (granule) cells • Star shape • Connect to near neurons – Cells of Martinotti • Axons to superficial layers – Fusiform cells • Spindle shape • Vertical orientation • In deep layers – Horizontal cells of Cajal • • Spindle shape Horizontal orientation In superficial layers Connect pyramidal cells
![Cerebral Cortex • Layers of cerebral cortex – Molecular layer • Area of connection Cerebral Cortex • Layers of cerebral cortex – Molecular layer • Area of connection](http://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/ba340f433c20763b72810a02b196d1ee/image-7.jpg)
Cerebral Cortex • Layers of cerebral cortex – Molecular layer • Area of connection between different cells – Outer granular layer • Small pyramidal & stellate cells – Pyramidal cell layer • Medium size pyramidal cells & martinotti cells – Inner granular layer • Stellate cells – Ganglionic layer • Large pyramidal cells – Multiform cell layer • Mix of different cells
![Cerebral Cortex – – – I – Molecular layer II – Outer granular layer Cerebral Cortex – – – I – Molecular layer II – Outer granular layer](http://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/ba340f433c20763b72810a02b196d1ee/image-8.jpg)
Cerebral Cortex – – – I – Molecular layer II – Outer granular layer III – Pyramidal cell layer IV – Inner granular layer V – Ganglionic layer VI – Multiform cell layer
![Cerebral Cortex: Pyramidal cells Cerebral Cortex: Pyramidal cells](http://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/ba340f433c20763b72810a02b196d1ee/image-9.jpg)
Cerebral Cortex: Pyramidal cells
![Cerebellum • Content – Cerebellar cortex (folia) & central nuclei are grey matter – Cerebellum • Content – Cerebellar cortex (folia) & central nuclei are grey matter –](http://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/ba340f433c20763b72810a02b196d1ee/image-10.jpg)
Cerebellum • Content – Cerebellar cortex (folia) & central nuclei are grey matter – Arbor vitae = tree of life = white matter
![Cerebellum • Cerebellar cortex • White mater (medulla) Cerebellum • Cerebellar cortex • White mater (medulla)](http://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/ba340f433c20763b72810a02b196d1ee/image-11.jpg)
Cerebellum • Cerebellar cortex • White mater (medulla)
![Cerebellar cortex • Three layers – Outer molecular layer – Central layer of large Cerebellar cortex • Three layers – Outer molecular layer – Central layer of large](http://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/ba340f433c20763b72810a02b196d1ee/image-12.jpg)
Cerebellar cortex • Three layers – Outer molecular layer – Central layer of large Purkinje cells – Inner granule layer
![Cerebellar cortex • Has three layers – Outer molecular layer • Few neurons • Cerebellar cortex • Has three layers – Outer molecular layer • Few neurons •](http://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/ba340f433c20763b72810a02b196d1ee/image-13.jpg)
Cerebellar cortex • Has three layers – Outer molecular layer • Few neurons • Mostly unmyelinated fibers – Central layer of large Purkinje cells • One layer of large cells – Inner granule layer • Very small neurons (smallest in the body) that is compactly disposed – Connect with the afferent fibers
![Purkinje Cells • Purkinje cells has highly developed dendrites – Dendrites occupy most of Purkinje Cells • Purkinje cells has highly developed dendrites – Dendrites occupy most of](http://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/ba340f433c20763b72810a02b196d1ee/image-14.jpg)
Purkinje Cells • Purkinje cells has highly developed dendrites – Dendrites occupy most of the molecular layer – Axons traverse the granular layer to the central nuclei of the cerebellum
![Spinal Cord • • • Anterior median fissure Posterior median sulcus Gray and white Spinal Cord • • • Anterior median fissure Posterior median sulcus Gray and white](http://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/ba340f433c20763b72810a02b196d1ee/image-15.jpg)
Spinal Cord • • • Anterior median fissure Posterior median sulcus Gray and white commissures Central canal Anterior, posterior & lateral gray horns – Anterior horns contain motor neurons – Posterior horns receive sensory fibers from neurons in the spinal ganglia • Anterior, posterior & lateral white columns
![Internal Anatomy of Spinal Cord Internal Anatomy of Spinal Cord](http://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/ba340f433c20763b72810a02b196d1ee/image-16.jpg)
Internal Anatomy of Spinal Cord
![Spinal Cord Spinal Cord](http://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/ba340f433c20763b72810a02b196d1ee/image-17.jpg)
Spinal Cord
![Spinal Cord Spinal Cord](http://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/ba340f433c20763b72810a02b196d1ee/image-18.jpg)
Spinal Cord
![Gray matter of spinal cord Gray matter of spinal cord](http://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/ba340f433c20763b72810a02b196d1ee/image-19.jpg)
Gray matter of spinal cord
![Central Canal Central Canal](http://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/ba340f433c20763b72810a02b196d1ee/image-20.jpg)
Central Canal
![Spinal Cord • Gray mater – Substantia gelatinosa (entire SC) – Nucleus proprius (entire Spinal Cord • Gray mater – Substantia gelatinosa (entire SC) – Nucleus proprius (entire](http://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/ba340f433c20763b72810a02b196d1ee/image-21.jpg)
Spinal Cord • Gray mater – Substantia gelatinosa (entire SC) – Nucleus proprius (entire SC) – Nucleus dorsalis (C 8‐L 2) – Intermediolateral cell column (T 1‐L 2, S 2‐S 4) – Medial motor nucleus (entire SC) – Lateral motor nucleus (enlargements) • White mater – Fasciculus gracilis (entire SC) – Fasciculus cuneatus (C 1‐T 6)
![Spinal Cord Spinal Cord](http://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/ba340f433c20763b72810a02b196d1ee/image-22.jpg)
Spinal Cord
![Spinal Cord Spinal Cord](http://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/ba340f433c20763b72810a02b196d1ee/image-23.jpg)
Spinal Cord
![Spinal Cord Spinal Cord](http://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/ba340f433c20763b72810a02b196d1ee/image-24.jpg)
Spinal Cord
![Spinal Cord Spinal Cord](http://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/ba340f433c20763b72810a02b196d1ee/image-25.jpg)
Spinal Cord
![](http://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/ba340f433c20763b72810a02b196d1ee/image-26.jpg)
![](http://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/ba340f433c20763b72810a02b196d1ee/image-27.jpg)
![Meninges • Meninges – Dura mater – Arachnoid mater – Pia mater • Spaces Meninges • Meninges – Dura mater – Arachnoid mater – Pia mater • Spaces](http://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/ba340f433c20763b72810a02b196d1ee/image-28.jpg)
Meninges • Meninges – Dura mater – Arachnoid mater – Pia mater • Spaces – Subdural space – Subarachnoid space
![Meninges • Dura mater – Dense fibroelastic tissue – Lined with a layer of Meninges • Dura mater – Dense fibroelastic tissue – Lined with a layer of](http://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/ba340f433c20763b72810a02b196d1ee/image-29.jpg)
Meninges • Dura mater – Dense fibroelastic tissue – Lined with a layer of flat cells • Arachnoid mater – Fibrous layer – Lined and covered by flat cells – Fibrous strands connect it to pia mater • Pia mater – Delicate layer – Covered by mesothelial layer
![Meninges • Suparachnoid space – Contains blood vessels • When the arteries penetrate the Meninges • Suparachnoid space – Contains blood vessels • When the arteries penetrate the](http://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/ba340f433c20763b72810a02b196d1ee/image-30.jpg)
Meninges • Suparachnoid space – Contains blood vessels • When the arteries penetrate the brain tissue it takes with it – Arachnoid mesothelium – Pia mater – Perivascular space » Continuous with subarachnoid space
![Blood Brain Barrier • protects cells from some toxins and pathogens – proteins & Blood Brain Barrier • protects cells from some toxins and pathogens – proteins &](http://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/ba340f433c20763b72810a02b196d1ee/image-31.jpg)
Blood Brain Barrier • protects cells from some toxins and pathogens – proteins & antibiotics can not pass but alcohol & anesthetics do • Structure – tight junctions seal together epithelial cells – continuous basement membrane – astrocyte processes covering capillaries
![Blood Brain Barrier • Areas without BBB – Area postrema in the floor of Blood Brain Barrier • Areas without BBB – Area postrema in the floor of](http://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/ba340f433c20763b72810a02b196d1ee/image-32.jpg)
Blood Brain Barrier • Areas without BBB – Area postrema in the floor of the fourth ventricle – Areas in the hypothalamus • Structure – Endothelial fenestrations
![Blood Cerebrospinal Fluid Barrier • Structure Endothelial cells BM of endothelial cells Pale cells Blood Cerebrospinal Fluid Barrier • Structure Endothelial cells BM of endothelial cells Pale cells](http://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/ba340f433c20763b72810a02b196d1ee/image-33.jpg)
Blood Cerebrospinal Fluid Barrier • Structure Endothelial cells BM of endothelial cells Pale cells BM of choroidal epithelial cells – Tight junctions seal the choroidal epithelial cells – –
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