HISTOLOGY OF FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMIC HISTOLOGY II ATIBA

HISTOLOGY OF FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMIC HISTOLOGY II ATIBA, P. M

OVARY § MESOTHELIAL EPITHELIUM § Simple cuboidal or Columnar § TUNICA ALBUGENIA § Dense connective tissue Histology of Female Reproductive System 2

OVARY § CORTEX § Stroma houses ovarian follicles at various stages of development § MEDULLA § Loose connective tissue containing vascular bed and nervous Histology of Female Reproductive System 3

OVARIAN CYCLE Three Phase of ovarian cycle: • Follicular Phase • Development of primordial follicular-Mature follicle • Follicular phase of endometrium • Ovulatory Phase • Release of oocyte from mature Follicle and received by fimbrae of oviduct • Luteal Phase • Residual follicular cell folds and becomes part of Corpus Luteum (C. L) • Secretion/luteal phase of endometrium Histology of Female Reproductive System 4

FOLLICULAR GROWTH • Ovarian follicle is; • An oocyte • Follicular / granulosa cells PRIMORDIAL FOLLICLE (formed during fetal life) Follicular Growth Modification of: • Oocyte • Granulosa cells • Stromal Fibroblast Histology of Female Reproductive System 5

FOLLICULAR GROWTH (Follicular Phase) Histology of Female Reproductive System 6

FOLLICULAR GROWTH (Follicular Phase) ØPRIMORDIAL FOLLICLE : • Primary Oocyte • Arrested in Prophase stage of Meiosis 1 • about 25µm in diameter • Follicular cells • Single layer of flattened cells • Attached by desmosome Histology of Female Reproductive System 7

FOLLICULAR PHASE • PRIMARY FOLLICLE • Primary oocyte • • Grows to 125150µm diameter Follicular cells • • • Cuboidal cells More than 1 layer Zona pellucida separate oocyte from Follicular cells Histology of Female Reproductive System 8

FOLLICULAR PHASE • SECONDARY FOLLICLE • Primary oocyte • Follicular cells • Stromal cells • Grows to 125150µm diameter • • Cuboidal cells Cumulus oophorus • Theca interna(steroid producing) Theca externa • Histology of Female Reproductive System 9

FOLLICULAR PHASE • GRAAFIAN FOLLICLE • • Primary oocyte Follicular cells • • • Increases to about 2. 5 cm in diameter Increase in size follicular antrum The oocyte become eccentrically located Histology of Female Reproductive System 10

OVULATION PHASE Day 14 of menstrual cycle • LH surge • Rupture wall of Graafian follicle • • PG, Histamine, Collagenases, Hyaluronic acid Release of secondary oocyte (arrest in metaphase II) with corona radiate Oocyte received by fimbrae Histology of Female Reproductive System 11

LUTEAL PHASE AFTER OVULATION • Remnant of graafian follicle collapse and folded • Blood flow to follicular cavity and innveded by Connective tissue- phagocytes in central part of corpus luteum • Granulosa cell- granulosa lutein cells • Theca interna cells- theca lutein cells • Oestrogen and Progesterone produced by Corpus luteum Histology of Female Reproductive System 12

FATE OF CORPUS LUTEUM DEPENDENT ON ESTABLISHMENT OF PREGRNANCY OR NOT? • If it occurs Corpus luteum degeneratecorpus albicans • h. CG maintains C. L – C. L of pregnancysecrete hormone – maintain pregnancy Histology of Female Reproductive System 13

CORPUS ALBICANS • • C. L of menstruation is invaded by fibrblasts – fibrotic Remnant undergoes luteolysis Fibrous connective tissue – corpus albicans Persist as the scar on the surface of ovary Histology of Female Reproductive System 14

UTERINE TUBE The walls composed of: • Mucosa layer • • • Lines by simple columnar epithelium Lamina propria Characterised by longitudinal folds • Muscularis Layer • Inner circular and outer longitudinal layers of smooth muscle • Serosa layer • Simple squamous epithelium Histology of Female Reproductive System 15

UTERINE TUBE Two types epithelium cell: • Non ciliated pigment cells • • No cilia Secretory: • • • Nutritive and protective for oocyte Capacitation of sperm Ciliated cells • Cilia beat toward the uterus Histology of Female Reproductive System 16

UTERUS The walls of Uterus: • Endometerium • Myometerium • Serosa/Adventitia Histology of Female Reproductive System 17

ENDOMETRIUM • Epithelium • Simple columnar epithelium • • • Lamina Propria • • • Ciliated cells Secretory cells Loose Connective tissue, rich in firoblast, reticular fibre Uterine glands (simple tubular) Undergoes cyclic changes Histology of Female Reproductive System 18

ENDOMETRIUM Two Layers (Zone) • Functionalis • • Thick, superficial (surface epithelium, lamina propria and gland) Rich capillary network (coiled arteries) Sloughed at menstruation Basalis • • • Deep, narrow (lamina propria) Straight arteries Regenerate functionalis layer each menstrual cycle Histology of Female Reproductive System 19

Myometrium • • Thickest layer of Uterus Composed of three layers of smooth muscle: • • • Inner longitudinal layer Middle circular Outer longitudinal layer The size and number of muscle cells are related to estrogen levels Pregnancy: hyperplasia and hypertrophy Histology of Female Reproductive System 20

Menstrual cycle • Under stimulus of estrogen and progesterone endometrium undergoes cyclic structure modification • Duration: 28 days • Puberty Menopause Histology of Female Reproductive System 21

Proliferative/follicular Phase (Days 5 -14) • After menstrual phase • Coincides with ovarian follicles development (estrogen) • Regeneration of endometrium • • Surface epithelium Lamina propria Coiled arteries Uterine glands: simple columnar epithelial, straight tubule, narrow lumens Histology of Female Reproductive System 22

Secretory/Luteal Phase (days 15 -28) • Begins after ovulation • Depends on corpus luteum secretion (progesterone) • Uterine glands: coiled and branched, accumulation of glycogen dilate the lumen • Thickening of functionalis • Prepared to receive zygote Histology of Female Reproductive System 23

Menstrual Phase (days 1 -4) • No fertilization corpus luteum degenerates(result in decrease in progesterone and estrogen) • Coiled arteries constrict functionalis layer becomes ischemic necrotic • Rupture of arteries hemorrhagic • Functional layer shed off • Basal layer restore functional Histology of Female Reproductive System layer 24

ENDOMETRIAL CYCLE Histology of Female Reproductive System 25

PLACENTA • Transient organ- site of physiologic exchange between mother and fetus. • Endocrine function • Consist of; o Fetal part ü Chorionic villi arise from chorionic plate ü Connective tissue surrounded by syncytiotrophoblast and ctyotrophoblast o Mother part o Decidua basalis from lacunae Histology of Female Reproductive System 26

PLACENTA • Placenta barrier § Trophoblast layers § Basal lamina of trophoblast § Mesenchyme § Basal lamina of capillaries § Endothelium of fetal capillary Histology of Female Reproductive System 27

CERVIX • Epithelium ü Lumen; mucus –secreting simple columnar epithelium ü External surface; stratified squamous non-keratinized epithelium • Wall ü Dense, collagenous connective tissue • Cervical glands regulates by progesterone ü Serous /watery fluid; around ovulation time ü Viscous/mucus; at pregnancy/luteal phase of menstruation Histology of Female Reproductive System 28

VAGINA • It consists of three layers: • Mucosa • Stratified squamous on keratinized epithelium • Lamina propria; loose fibroelastic connective tissue, rich vascular • No glands; vaginal fluid comes from transudation and cervical glands • Muscularis • Smooth muscle, inner circular and outer longitudinal • Adventitia • Dense fibroelastic connective tissue Histology of Female Reproductive System 29

EXTERNAL GENITALIA • Labia Majora • Skin • Rich adipose tissue • Sweat and sebaceous glands • Labia Minora • Spongy connective tissue with elastic fibre • Less blood vessel and nerve ending • Sebaceous glands Histology of Female Reproductive System 30

EXTERNAL GENITALIA • Clitoris • Stratified squamous epithelium • 2 erectile bodies (blood vessels, sensory nerve) • Glands of Bartholin • Minor vestibular glands Histology of Female Reproductive System 31

MAMMARY GLANDS • Organs of milk production • Consist of 15 -25 lobes of compound tubuloaveolar gland • Excretory lactiferous duct • Dense connective tissue separate the lobes • Variation in structure: • • Age Physiologic status Histology of Female Reproductive System 32

ENDOMETRIAL CYCLE Histology of Female Reproductive System 33