Hiroshima By John Hersey HISTORICAL BACKGROUND LEADING UP

Hiroshima By John Hersey

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND LEADING UP TO HIROSHIMA

Causes of World War I - Assassination Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand was killed in Bosnia by a Serbian nationalist who believed that Bosnia should belong to Serbia.

Causes of World War I - Assassination Gavrilo Princip after assassination of Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand.

What happened next? Gavrilo Princip was from Serbia, so Austria wanted them to apologise and pay compensation. Serbia refused, so Austria declared war. n Russia was Serbia’s ally, so they declared war on Austria. n Germany declared war on Russia and Serbia. n France declared war on Austria and Germany. Italy declared war on France and Russia. n Germany invaded Belgium, so Britain declared war. n

How World War I started n n Austria n Germany n Italy Serbia n Russia n France n Britain BOSNIA

What did the treaty do? Treaty of Versailles n A League of Nations was established to enable countries to keep peace. n Germany was made to take the blame. n

What happened after the war? Germany was made to pay out huge sums of money in compensation. n They were also made to give up some land. n Germany was also forced to reduce the size of her armies and to sink her ships. n As a result the country became bankrupt. n

The situation got worse! n Germany began to re-build her ships and build up her armies.

Rise of Adolf Hitler In Germany Adolf Hitler came to power in 1933 as a fascist dictator. n On September 1, 1939 Germany invaded Poland without a declaration of war. This starts World War II. n

Continued… Britain and France declared war on Germany on September 3, 1939. n Italy declared war on France and Britain on June 10, 1940. n JAPAN ON AMERICA n

WHY DID AMERICA DROP BOMBS ON JAPAN?

Inciting incident: Sunday December 7, 1941 Aerial attack on Pearl Harbor

Pearl Harbor: A United States navy base on Oahu, Hawaii -Also home to the Pacific Fleet

-Japan didn’t want the US Pacific Fleet to interfere with their war plans in Southeast Asia -353 Japanese bombers, torpedo and fighter planes destroyed many Navy battleships -2, 402 Americans were killed and 1, 282 were wounded

CLIPS Actual Attack footage: http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=3 e 99 lfm m. DN 0 Hollywood footage: http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=Sv 1 niwx Qgo. Y US Propaganda footage: http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=Eyjic. U 8 3 -Zs

ATTACK n The battleship Arizona was hit with an armor piercing bomb n the Overall, 9 ships of the U. S. fleet were sunk n 21 ships were severely damaged. 3 of the 21 would be irreparable. n The overall death toll reached 2, 350, including 68 civilians, and 1, 178 injured. n Japan would lose 29 out of the 350 planes

Roosevelt declares war on Japan n http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=l. K 8 g YGg 0 dk. E

A Grinding War in the Pacific n In 1945, the U. S. began targeting people in order to coerce Japan to surrender 66 major Japanese cities bombed n 500, 000 civilians killed n

Atom Diplomacy n FDR had funded the top-secret Manhattan Project to develop an atomic bomb n Dr. Robert Oppenheimer successfully tested in the summer of 1945. n FDR had died on April 12, 1945, and the decision was left to Harry Truman. n An amphibious invasion could cost over 350, 000 Allied casualties.

The Manhattan Project Pres. Roosevelt was warned by Einstein in 1939 about nuclear research by the Nazis n M. P. started in 1942 by FDR n

Manhattan Project First nuclear reaction in 1942 (Fermi @ U of Chicago) n U-235 created in 1945 in Oak Ridge n July 16, 1945 first nuclear test in White Sands NM n

Turning Points of the War: The Pacific n August 6, 1945 – Enola Gay drops bomb on Hiroshima n n August 9, 1945 – Nagasaki n n 140, 000 dead; radiation sickness; 80% of buildings destroyed 70, 000 dead; 60, 000 injured Emperor Hirohito surrenders on Aug. 14, 1945. n Formal surrender signed on September 2 onboard the battleship Missouri in Tokyo Bay

Little Boy n n n 14 Kilo Tons capacity (TNT) 10 Feet in Length A product of $2 billion of research Uranium-235 atomic bomb Two-third of Hiroshima was destroyed Within three miles of the explosion, 60, 000 of the 90, 000 buildings were demolished.

HIROSHIMA Before After

Hiroshima n Population 3, 50, 000 n Died Immediately 0, 70, 000 n Died (Radiation) 0, 70, 000

Effects of Nuclear Weapons

Energy from a Nuclear Weapon • Blast • Heat • Radiation

Blast 50% of energy is released as blast and shock waves.

Blast 50% of energy is released as blast and shock waves.

Heat 35% of energy is released as heat.

Radioactive Fallout 10% of energy is released as radioactive fallout.

Kazuo Matsumuro was 32 when she witnessed the Hiroshima bombing 1300 meters from the epicenter. She said that people's skin was falling off and they kept their arms in front of them like zombies to prevent the skin from sticking.

‘Little Boy’ ‘Fat Man’

The Little Boy n Created with U-235 n The bomb dropped on Hiroshima n Dropped on Aug. 6 1945 by the Enola Gay at 8: 45 a. m.

City of Hiroshima

City of Hiroshima n n Japan’s 7 th largest city Had not been bombed yet Headquarters of Japan’s second army Factories for war materials

Facts about A-Bomb Blast equaled 15, 000 tons of TNT n Detonated about 1000 feet above the ground (hypocenter) n Hiroshima surprised because of only one B-29 plane seen that morning n

John Hersey Born on June 17, 1914 in Tientsin, China. n Graduated from Yale and Cambridge then began a distinguished writing career n Won the Pulitzer Prize in 1945 for A Bell for Adano n

More on Hersey…. -He was a war correspondent for LIFE magazine and THE NEW YORKER when he was commissioned to write about the bombings -The book used storytelling techniques of fiction to highlight nonfiction reporting

Characters n Miss Toshiko Sasaki n Dr. Masakazu Fujii n Mrs. . Hatsuyo Nakamura n Dr. Terufumi Sasaki n The Reverend Mr. Kiyoshi Tanimoto n Father Wilhelm Kleinsorge

Miss Toshiko Sasaki n A clerk for the East Asia Tin Works n Chatting with a co-worker when the bomb exploded

Dr. Masakazu Fujii n Dr. who owns a private hospital n Just sat down to read the paper when the bomb exploded

Mrs. Hatsuyo Nakamura n A tailor’s widow n She was looking through her kitchen window when the bomb exploded

Father Wilhelm Kleinsorge n A German Jesuit Priest n He was reading a magazine in a cot when the bomb exploded

Dr. Terufumi Sasaki n A young surgeon n He was walking along a hospital corridor when the bomb exploded.

The Reverend Mr. Kiyoshi Tanimoto n Pastor of the Hiroshima Methodist Church. n He was unloading a cart of clothes when the bomb exploded.

Looking Back “Now I am become Death, the destroyer of worlds. ” - Robert Oppenheimer Supervising Scientist Manhattan Project n

Publication of Hiroshima Originally appeared in The New Yorker on Aug. 31 1946 as a long article n Story was later published as a novel n Last chapter added in 1973 n

Looking Back The Dropping of the A-Bomb has remained a very controversial subject n Was it necessary? n What were the results? n

The End English 9 -Engelbert