Hinduism Dravidian South and Nagara North Styles Hinduism
- Slides: 70
Hinduism Dravidian (South) and Nagara (North) Styles
Hinduism • Polytheistic religion (worship many gods and goddesses) • Goal is to achieve moksa--by praying, worshipping (darsana) and giving offering to gods • Each god has a female companion and rides on vehicle such as bull (Nandi), lion, goose; each holds some attributes (Siva: tridents and Vishnu: conch shell and wheel)
Triad • Brahma-God of Creator • Vishnu-God of Preserver (has many incarnations such as Rama and Krishna) • Shiva-God of Destroyer (also the protector of animals) • Devi-goddess (e. g. , Laksmi (“Good Fortune”) and Parvati); symbolizing beauty, benevolent, and wealth as well as power and wrath
3. 25 Shiva as Nataraja, Lord of the Dance, Chola, 11 -12 th C
Vastu-purusa mandala • A myth explains the symbolic diagram (mandala): the gods in seeking to impose order on chaos, forced the primeval man, Purusa, into a square grid, the vastu-purusa mandala, whose basic unit is the square pada • Hindu temple is the dwelling of the gods. It is based on the grid systems of 64 (8 x 8) and 81 (9 x 9) squares. • Square is the prefect shape for the ground plan. • Priests perform ritual of consecrations which connect between sexual rites and fertility in Hindu architecture.
Hindu temples • The temple is a holy site (tirtha), where they practitioners can perform circumambulation (pradaksina). They also perform the pious act of gazing at the deity (darsan) and offering prayers, flowers and food (puja). The temple is never a meeting place for a congregation, but it came to be a focal point of the community. • The heart of the temple is the dark hall called garbha grha (womb hall), where the most important icon is placed. It is the most important area. • Pillared halls (mandapa) and porticos were added to the garbha grha, which was surmounted with a tower (sikhara)--center of the universe (axis mundi).
Vastu-purusa mandala
Media and ornaments • Many varieties: wood, brick, terracotta, and variety of stone (e. g. , schist, chlorite, marble) • Temples required to be heavily ornamented (things lacking in ornament were considered imperfect or incomplete. • Motifs: narrative reliefs, animal motifs, floral and vegetation motifs.
Dravidian architecture • Stone used as medium for funerary monuments • Religion developments, particularly bhakti cult, played an important role • Early phases of architecture consisted of rock-cut monuments • Later phase is dominated by structural buildings; Gopuras became larger than the main building • The emphasis is on horizontality lines; one or more stories, topped with stepped-pyramidal shikhara and a mushroom cap
Mamallapuram • Large remains of Pallava period, 7 th century • Most of the monuments are rock-cut, carved out of the boulders and cliffs in the area. • Descent of Ganges River or Arjuna Penance • Rathas • Kailasanatha temple (Ellora 16)
The Descent of Ganges • • • Mid-7 th century, Mamalla I at Mamallapuram 30 meters in length; 50 meters in height Contains animals and other objects Approximately life-size scale Sculptures were done in realistic manner
3. 20 The Descent of the Ganges (or the Penence of Arjuna) Mamallapuram. Pallava period, 7 th century
3. 20 The Descent of the Ganges (or the Penence of Arjuna) Mamallapuram. Pallava period, 7 th century
Rathas, Mamallapuram • Mid 7 th C, Mamalla I period • Consists of five free-standing rock-cut structures: Draupadi (dedicated to Durga), Arjuna, Bhima (to Vishnu), Dharmaraja, and Nakula-Sahadeva; three free-standing animals: lions, bull, and elephant
3. 21 Rathas, Mamallapuram. Pallava period, mid-7 th century
3. 21 Rathas, Mamallapuram. Pallava period, mid-7 th century
3. 21 Dharmaraja Ratha
Buddhist Art • Read Fisher, Buddhist Art and Architecture, chapter: pp. 11 -64. • Important figures: 16, 17, 18, 21, 22, 33, 37, 38, 40, 42, 43, 44
Kailasanatha temple, Ellora 16 • World Heritage site • Built during the reign of King Krisna I of the Ratchatrakuta Dynasty, 757 -773 • **Free standing rock-cut architecture** • Main building: exterior richly carved with niches, high reliefs, windows as well as images of deities, mithunas and the other figures; main subjects are Saivite • Nandi Shrine: solid • Built in rectangular format
3. 22 Kailasanath temple, Ellora, Rashtrakuta dynasty, c. 760 -800
3. 22 Kailasanath temple, Ellora, Rashtrakuta dynasty, c. 760 -800
Rajareshvara Temple (Great Temple) at Thanjuvar (Tanjore) • Chola period (9 th-13 th centuries) • Centered at Thanjuvar (Tanjore) • Rajarajeshvara or Brihadevara temple to Shiva at Thanjavur (Tanjore), c. 1000 CE • • Temples made of bricks and stone (for base) Rectangular enclosure Large gateways (Gopuras) Niches: 30 representations of Siva in his Tripuramtaka (Destroyer of three Cities)
3. 24 Rajarajeshvara or Brihadevara temple to Shiva at Thanjavur (Tanjore), c. 1000 CE
3. 24 Rajarajeshvara or Brihadevara temple to Shiva at Thanjavur (Tanjore), c. 1000 CE
Minakshi Temple at Madurai • Nayak period (16 th-18 th centuries) • Dual shrines dedicated to Siva (known locally as Sundaresvara, “Handsome One, ” and Minakshi “Fish-Eyed One” • Hall of thousand pillars • Gopuras (gate): S was built by a wealthy landowner (197 feet) is covered with over 1500 plaster figures of gods and demons
3. 35 Minaksi-Sundareshvara temple, Madurai, 17 th century
3. 35 Minaksi-Sundareshvara temple, Madurai, 17 th century
Nagara • Refers to art in the regions of Bengal, Orissa, NE, and NC, Delhi and Gujarat region. • Used stone such as Chlorite, sandstone and white marble • Temple emphasis is primarily on vertically; horizontality is suppressed. • High base emphasis the vertically of the whole • The porch and congregational halls are called mandapa, which in the S style was clearly separated with the tower over the shrine. • Sikhara is the tallest structure, symbolizing the center of the universe; often rose around 24 -30 meters (79 -98 ft) some reached over 60 m (196 ft). Amalaka is a capstone.
Nagara • Amalaka-the finial in a shape of a turban • Torana-Gate • There are 2 main type-sited in the N style: Khajuraho and Bhuvanesvara
3. 26 -27 Kandariya Mahadeva temple, Khajuraho, 1000 CE
3. 28 Vishnu and Laksmi, Parsvanatha temple, c. 1000
Exterior Wall, Kandariya Mahadeva temple
- Dravidian pyramid temples
- North south east west leadership styles
- North, south east west leadership styles
- North and south lesson 1 the industrial north
- Mangesthi luhur ambangun nagara
- Anaconda plan
- Lines that run from north to south but measure is and west
- Maryland, virginia, north carolina, south carolina, georgia
- Advantages and disadvantages of the north and south
- North and south strengths and weaknesses chart
- South west asia and north africa map
- Angular distance north and south of the equator
- Chapter 19: the worlds of north and south answer key
- North and south states civil war
- What is this image
- Us north vs south
- Asia africa song
- North and south notes
- North central south america
- Define north pole and south pole
- Chapter 20 girding for war the north and the south
- North east and north cumbria ics map
- Old south vs new south streetcar named desire
- North carolina marschland
- Washington dc outline map
- North vs the south
- North or south who killed reconstruction
- World map north south east west
- Is latitude horizontal
- Coordinate that specifies the north-south position
- Parts of the globe
- North south east west in our calm objective opinion
- 50 nifty united states
- What is the dependency theory ap human geography
- The invisible line at 0 degrees latitude is the
- North south model
- Manmeet gill
- A nation divided: north vs. south
- North east south west
- North south initiative
- North south china
- Shermans neckties
- North vs south civil war
- Virginia, maryland, north carolina, south carolina, georgia
- Lga pin
- North bridge south bridge
- Tamassia martins
- Http //go.hrw.com/atlas/norm htm/world.htm
- Nccr north south
- What does this picture depict
- True north vs magnetic north
- The north pole ____ a latitude of 90 degrees north
- Two vocal music of israel
- Chapter 18 braiding and braid extensions
- What are the types of room service trays and trolleys
- Hinduism and judaism compare and contrast essay
- Compare and contrast hinduism and buddhism
- Likert leadership theory
- Lemasters and defrain parenting styles
- Pull influencing style
- Informal tone examples
- Architectural styles and patterns
- Informal communication examples
- Orality examples
- Block letter two
- Informal vs formal writing
- Chapter 15 furniture styles and construction answer key
- Black and white communication styles
- The way people speak
- Convention line
- 7 learning styles and vark similarities