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The Four Stages of Life (ashrama) (1) Celibate student Learning the Veda Religious learning Young males

(2) Householder Satisfy desire (kama) Accumulate wealth (artha) Material gain Form a family, get a job, etc Most people do not go past this stage

(3) Forest-dwelling hermit Wrinkled, gray, old, grandchildren Ascetic life in the forest Ashram (retreat center) Perform rituals

(4) Wandering renouncer Renounce name, family, status, etc No permanent abode Begging Eating only non-cooked foods

Four Aims of Life Aims that are the focus of legitimate, divinely prescribed human striving. Artha – worldly success. Kama – sensory pleasure. Dharma – fulfilling the duty of one’s caste. Moksha – release from the cycle of death and rebirth.

Yoga/Disciplines Ways, methods or techniques of obtaining Moksha Karma Yoga: discipline of action Jnana Yoga: discipline of knowledge Bhakti Yoga: discipline of loving devotion Hatha Yoga: discipline of force

Hatha Yoga (yoga of force) Discipline and perfect the body and mind Esoteric practices (enemas, magic, etc. )

Jnana Yoga Sankara • Moksha is found through true knowledge of reality, the absolute (Brahman) • Especially important in the Upanishads Beyond the senses are the objects; Beyond the objects is the mind; Beyond the mind, the intellect; Beyond the intellect, the Great Atman; Beyond the Great Atman, the Unmanifest; Beyond the Unmanifest, the Purusha; Beyond the Purusha there is nothing; This is the end, the Supreme Goal Katha Upanishad, ch 3: 10 -11

Sannyasi – Sadhu - Vairagin • Renunciation: give up previous life • Sannyasin, Sadhu, Vairagin

Karma Yoga • Discipline of correct actions • Everyone must have correct actions

Bhakti Yoga • Bhagavad Gita • Devotion to Krishna • Darshan – seeing and being seen by the God • Puja – making offerings to the God • Pouring milk • Food offerings • Placing flowers • Using candles and incense • Bells • Discipline of loving devotion to God or Goddess • Choose the God with whom you establish a loving relationship • Choice comes from your context: • Region, social, jati, family, etc • Moksha comes through the grace of God, the loving relationship established with the God/Goddess Puja in Homes

Rituals Kumbh Mela 2012 Varies in location 12 year cycle 8: 00 to 10: 00

Diwali Rangooli Festival of Light Hindu New Year Victory of Light over Darkness Diwali Festival

Diwali

Spring Festival Good over Evil Upside-down Holi

A young Balinese became my primary teacher. One day I asked him if he believed that the history of Prince Rama – one of the holy books of the Hindus – is true. Without hesitation, he answered it with “Yes”. “So you believe that the Prince Rama lived somewhere and somewhen? ” “I do not know if he lived”, he said. “Then it is a story? ” “Yes, it is a story” “Then someone wrote this story – I mean: a human being wrote it? ” “Certainly some human being wrote it”, he said. “Then some human being could have also invented it, ” I answered and felt triumphant, when I thought I had convinced him. But he said: “It is quite possible that somebody invented this story. But true it is, in any case. ” “Then it is the case that Prince Rama did not live on this earth? ” “What is it that you want to know? ” he asked. “Do you want to know whether the story is true, or merely whether it occurred? ” “The Christians believe that their God Jesus Christ was also on earth, I said “in the New Testament, it has been described by human beings. But the Christians believe that this is a description of the reality. Their God was also really on Earth. ” My Balinese friend thought this over and said: “I had been already so informed I do not understand why it is important that your God was on earth, but it does strike me that the Europeans are not pious. Is that correct? ”

Modern Hindu Movements (1)Emphasis on the Mystical Attractive to people in the West (e. g. Ramakrishna, Vivekanada) Ralph Waldo Emerson; Eat, Pray, Love; The Beatles (2) Adaptive Defense against Western Modernity Arya Samaj, Ram Mohan Roy Assert Indian and Hindu Philosophy De-emphasize numerous gods

Hindutva India is for Hindus Historical verity of Hindu texts (e. g. Ramayana, Mahabharata, etc. ) Reverse Aryan Theory – Expansion beyond India